A R T 



»r ImmoTcablc; and amphiarthrofis, whicli is defined to be 

 n compound of both the others. The immoveable connec- 

 tion of bones is faidtobeby Symiihylis, Harmonia, Suture, 

 Goiiiphofis, Sciiidelcfis, Synchondrofis, Syneiirofi.-. or Syn- 

 dcfmol"is, and Syflarcofis ; for the explanation of which we 

 refer to the fcparatc aiticks. Tlie moveable articulations, 

 which alone appear to deferve that term, are divided into 

 Enarthrofis, Gin^lymus, and Arthrodia. AVhcn the fpheri- 

 cal head of one bone is received into a corrcfpoiiding cavity 

 of another, a joint k formed, whicii admits of motion in 

 every direftion ; this is Enarthrofis, which is called in En- 

 glifh a ball aiul focket joint, and of which the hip joint is a 

 good fpecimen. AVhen the articular furf:ice of one bone has 

 a middle groove with lateral eminences, and the corrcfpond- 

 ing bone has a middle ridge with lateral dcpreffions, a joint 

 is formed whicli admits of motion backwards and forwards 

 only, like a hinge ; this is called ginglymus, and the elbow 

 joint, as fur as the ulna is concerned in its formation, or the fe- 

 cond and third joints of the fingers and toes, exemplify this 

 mechanifm. Mr.Winilow divides ginglymus into the angular 

 ginglymus, or that joint by which the firll vertebra turns 

 round upon the fecond ; and he applies the fame term to 

 dillinguilh the articular connexions of bones at different 

 parts, as happens between the radius and ulna in the fore- 

 arm. When two bones forming a joint arc applied together 

 by nearly plain furfaces, they may glide a little upon one 

 another, but no extent of motion can take place. This is cal- 

 led arthrodia ; and the junftion of the collar bone to the 

 acromion, and the metacarpal bones to the bones of the 

 carpus, may be mentioned as fpecimtns of this kind of arti- 

 culation. 



Articulation, in Botany, denotes the connexion of 

 parts that confiil of joints or knees, fuch as the pods of 

 French honey-fuckles, which, when ripe, divide into as many 

 parts as there are knees or joints, and which ufually fend 

 forth branches. 



Articulation, in tl general fenfc; is that form or charac- 

 ter which the voice acquires, by means of the mouth and its 

 feveral organs, the teeth, the tongue, the lips, &c. The 

 voice by articulation is not made more loud or foft, which 

 are its primary qualities, but it acquires in addition to thcfe 

 cSaraclers, certain others, which may co-exift with them. 

 The fimpleft of thefe new charafters are thcfe acquired 

 through the mere openings of the mouth, as thefe openings 

 differ in giving the voice a paffage, and from the various 

 configurations of thefe openinj;s proceed Vowels. There 

 are other articulate forms which the mouth makes, not by 

 mere openings, but by difTerent contafts of its feveral parts ; 

 fuch, e. g. as it makes by the junftion of the two lips, of the 

 tongue with the teeth, of the tongue with the palate, and 

 the like. Thefe coiitafts are preceded or immedi.itely fol- 

 lowed by foane opening of the mouth ; and the articulations 

 fo produced are calkd Consonants. There arc other fub- 

 ordiaate diftJnttions of thefe primary articulations, which are 

 denoted in the language of grammarians, by the nam.e of 

 Element; becaiife articulations of every other kind arc deri- 

 ved from them and refolved into them. ITnder their fmalleft 

 combination, they prodnce a Syllable ; fyllables properly 

 combined produce a Word ; words duly com.bined produce 

 a Sentence ; and fentenccs properly combined produce an 

 Oration or Discourse. Thus it is, fays Ivlr. Harris 

 (Hermes p. 324-), that to principles apparently fo trivial as 

 about twenty plain elementary founds, we owe that variety 

 of articulate voices which have been fufficient to explain the 

 fentiments of fo innumerable a multitude as all the prefent 

 and pad generations of men. See Ur. Hutton's paper on 

 the fu'iject of articulation, in Ediiib. Tianf. vol. ii. p. 7. See 

 alfo Consonants. 



ART 



Articulation, in a more conjined fenfe, is a branch of 

 Elocution ; and in this fenfe, a good articulation confifts iu 

 giving every letter in a fyllable its due proportion of found, 

 according to the inoftapproved cullom of pronouncing it; 

 and in making fuch a diHintlion between the fyllables of 

 wliich words are compofed, that the ear Ihall, without diffi- 

 culty acknowledge their number, and perceive at once to 

 which fyllable each letter belongs. Where thefe points are 

 not obferved, the articulation is proportionably defective. 

 Exaftnefs in founding the words rightly, correfponds to 

 propriety in fpelling; and the articulation fliould be fo clear 

 and diftinft, that the hearer may with cafe keep pace with 

 the fpeaker. Among the Greeks and Romans, who paid 

 particular attention to fpeaking and regularly taught it, the 

 imallell error in pronouncing was equally diigraceful in them, 

 as falfe fpeaking is with us. A good articulation is the 

 foundation of a good delivery, in the fame manner as the 

 founding of the fimple notes in mufic with cxaftnefs, is the 

 foundation of good Tinging. As for the grofTcr faults of ar- 

 ticulation, fuch as ftuttering, iielitation, lilping, and inability 

 to pronounce certain letters, they can never be cured by 

 mere precept, but require the conilant aid of a perfon flcillcd 

 in tJic caufes of thofe faults, who by teaching each individual 

 how to ufe the organs of fpecch rightly, and by fhewing 

 him the proper pofition of the tongue, lips, &c. may gradu- 

 ally bring him to a jull articulation. DemolUienes, it is faid, 

 when he i'lrll fpoke in public, could not pronounce the firll 

 letter of his art, " Rhetoric ;" but by indefagitable pains he 

 overcame the difficulty, and fupplied this deficiency in his 

 eloquence, even after he had arnved at the age of manhood. 

 The firll and moft effcntial point in articulation is diftindt- 

 nefs, and its oppofite is the greateft fault. The chief 

 fourcc of indiftindliiefs is tto ^reat precipitancy of fpeech. 

 To this haily delivery, which drops fome letters, and pro- 

 nounces others too faintly ; which runs fyllables into each 

 other, and cluflers words together, is owing that thick, 

 mumbling, cluttering utterance, of which examples are too 

 frequent. Demofthcnes had this fault ; and this, it is not 

 improbable, was the impediment or/lefeft of fpeech, which 

 he remedied by exercifing himfelf in declaiming with pebbles 

 in his mouth. For curing any impcrfcClions in fpeech ari- 

 fing originally from too quick an utterance, the moft effec- 

 tual method will be to employ an hour every morning in 

 reading aloud, in a manner much (lower than is ncceffarj-; 

 let a friend or fome perfon attend, whofe bufinefs it fliall be 

 to remind the reader, if he fliould quicken his pace and recur 

 to his old habit of rapid utterance. Thofc words fliould be 

 marked which are paffed over moft haftily, and they fliould 

 be repeatedly pronounced every morning flowly and dittindly. 

 As in our langtiage, words of more fyllables than one have 

 one fyllable accented, and peculiarly diftinguiflied from the 

 reft, either by a fmart percuffion of the voice, or by dwelling 

 longer upon it, the other fyllables are often negligently arti- 

 culated. In order to bring thofe, whofe utterance is fo ra- 

 pid to a due medium, they fhould accullTm themfelvcs to 

 pronounce the unaccnted fyllables more fullv, and to dwell 

 longer upon them. See Sheridan's Ledtures on Elocution, 

 p. 19— 29. 



Articulation, in reference to Grammar., is that part 

 of it which treats firft of founds and letters, then of their 

 combinations, for the compofing of fyllables and words. 

 Hence he who pronounces his words clearly and diftiaXly, 

 is faid to pronounce them articulately. 



Articulatic-n, in Vocal Mujic. This word, which 

 belongs to every kind of elocution, as well as mufic, 

 is too familiar to be called technical. Yet, as it is ex- 

 tremely important, and much neglected, it ftiall furnilh an 

 article. 



I M. Fra- 



