ART 



found the advantages nriCng from tlicm, that they form a rcry 

 lucrative branch of hufbandn,', and art- confcqucntly grown in 

 abundance in many parts of the kingdom. Thofe which, ac- 

 cording to the author of the Synopfis of Hul'bandry, are 

 mod nfuallv propagated and found to bring tlie moll cojifi- 

 derable profit to the fanner, are faintfom or ciiiquctoil, 

 rlovfr, trefoil, hop-clover or non-fiich, and lucerne. One 

 or other of thefe different fpecies of grafs may indeed be 

 beneficially cultivated on almoll every foil, as where the 

 poverty of the gn-.und will not admit of fowing either lu- 

 cerne or clover, laintfoin or trefoil, from their requiring a 

 lefs depth of mould, may turn out a weighty crop. Saint- 

 foin, clover, and trefoil, are indeed now lo univerlally raifed 

 from feed of Englifh growth, that they have become in a 

 manner naturalized to the foil, there being fcarcely a'ly 

 counti-yin Europe where larger crops arc grown than in this. 

 Lucerne, though it be fomeUmcs referved for feed here, is 

 moll fucccfsfuliy railed from feeds of foreign growth. In 

 refped to bnrnct, fpurry, and timothy grals, which are by 

 fome confidered as artificial graffes, although their virtues 

 have been highly celebrated by many, they have, perhaps, 

 but fcldom it is obferved, been found to anfwer in the ciilti- 

 Tation in any degree equal to the fanguine commendatio.'.s 

 bellowed on them. 



It is jndicioufly remarked by Mr. Kent, in the Agricul- 

 tural Survey of Norfolk, that artilicial graffes (liould always 

 be chofen agreeably to the foil. Saintfoin ftiould, fays he, 

 be introduced where there is a chalky, marly, or even a 

 gritty bottom. White clover fhould be the principal grafs, 

 ■where land is defigned to be laid for a continuance. Trefoil 

 and burnet upon high and poor uplands, defigned for (lieep- 

 walks. Perennial darnel, or wliat the farmers call rye- 

 grafs, is, he thinks, proper upon light arable land, for 

 though it is an exhaufter, it ferves better than any other to 

 brace the furface. A few acres of lucerne he likewife recom- 

 mends to every farmer who has a piece of loamy tillage, and 

 near his houfe. 



And in the Survey of the County of Somerfet it is re- 

 marked, that on the ftone-bradi and free-llone-grit foils 

 faintfoin takes the lead ; and that though the feed is very 

 expenlive, the quantity and quality of its produce, together 

 with its durability, make an ample return of profit, particu- 

 larly if fown when the land is clean. Next to faintfoin, rye- 

 grafs, marl-grafs, and white Dutch clover, are in deferved 

 repute, when the land is intended to remain foroe years in 

 grafs ; but when it is intended to be ploughed again in the 

 tonrfe of a year or two, broad clover is preferred to all other 

 artilicial graffes. It is remarked, however, in the able Survey of 

 Northumberland, that there few of the artificial graffes are 

 ever grown alone, except red clover when intended to conti- 

 nue only one year, and even then a fmall portion of rye- 

 grafs, as from one to three gallons per acre are generally 

 fown with it ; and the writers fuppofe, with much propri- 

 ety, as it not only comes early in the fpring, but thickens 

 the crop and facilitates making the clover into hay. When 

 the land is intended to continue for three or more years in 

 grafs, they pre generally mixed in the proportion of eight 

 or ten pounds of red clover, four pounds of white clover, 

 and half a bulhel of rye-grafs feed per acre ; to the above 

 quantities are fometimes, it is obferved, added three or four 

 pounds of rib-grafs and hopmedick, as the foil fuits. See 

 Grass. 



Artificial Z,/fA/B;(jj-. See Electricity, and Light- 

 ning. 



Artificial Linet on a fetlor or fcale, are certain lines 

 fo contrived, as to reprefent the logarithmic fines and 

 tangents ; which, by the help of the line of numbers, will 



ART 



folvc all qucllions in trigonometry, navigation, Lc. preMy 

 exailly. 



Artificial Huigntls. See Magnets. 

 Artificial Mufu; that which is coinpofed according to 

 the" rules of art. There is no natural mufie but the Garb- 

 ling of birds, which is confined to the melody of the aviary, 

 of which the tones are too high, and the intervals too mi- 

 nute for our appreciation. Rigoroufly fpcaking, all nuific is 

 a work of art, particularly inihamenlal, iw which the inllru- 

 meiit itfelf is an artful cor.trivaiice for imitating vocal toii^s, 

 and the ''and of the performer mu!t be guided by art. But 

 the artifices of compohtion and performance are innumerable. 

 In conipofition, fugues, canons, double counterpoint, inge- 

 nious and elaborate accompaniments, are included in artificial 

 mufic ; and in the performance upon iiidrumcnts, the artifi- 

 ces of bowing on the violin, fingering on keyed inllruments, 

 double-tor.guing on the German tlute, &c. are only knowti 

 and taught by great mafttrs. The generating mufical tones 

 from glaffes and other fublhuices, not included in the three 

 expedients for producing founds by inllruments, which the 

 ancients as well as the moderns have confined to three fevc- 

 ral fpecies, as ftriiigs, pipes, and percuffion, is doubly enti- 

 tled to the epithet artificial. The harmonies of a fingle 

 firing on the .£olian harp, have, perhaps, a better claim to 

 the title of natural mufic, than any other founds produced 

 without luinian affillance. 



Arti riciAL PflJIures, in Ap-'tculture, fuch pafture grounds 

 as have been cultivated and fown down with plants of the 

 artificial grafs kind, or fuch others as are capable of afford- 

 ing a large proportion of green food for the Iceding of cat- 

 tle and other animals. See Pasture. 



ARTIGIS, in Anc'itnt Geography, a town of Spain, 

 in the country of the Turduli, iuppofed to be the prefeiit 

 Albania, between Grenada and the fea. 



ARTIGNI, Anthony Gachet, in Biography, a 

 writer of literary hillory, was born at Vienna, and became 

 cenfor of the archicpifcopal church of that city. His work, 

 intitled, " Memoires d'Hiftoire de Critique ct de la Lite- 

 rature," publidied in feven volumes izmo. at Paris, in 1749, 

 manifefts confiderable talents for literary refcarch and criti- 

 cifm. He died at Vienna in 1769. Nouv. Dift. Hillor. 



ARTIK-ABAD, in Geography, a town or diftrici of 

 Afiatic Turkey, in the government of Siwas, between the 

 town of Siwas and that of Tocat or Tokai ; abounding 

 with grain and iruit. 



ARTILLERY is originally a French word fignifying 

 archery. In a general fenfe, it denotes the offenfive appa- 

 ratus of war, particularly of the miffile kind ; and in mo- 

 dern acceptation, is more immediately applied to fire-arms 

 mounted on carriages, and ready for adlion, with their 

 balls, bombs, gren.ides, •'?;c. In a more extenfive meaning, 

 the term includes the powder, matches, utenfils of ord- 

 nance, the rnachines which facilitate their motion and tranf- 

 port them, the vehicles over which they traverfe rivers, 

 every thing neceffary to them, and all that enters into 

 the form of a train of artillery. The fame word, dill 

 farther extended in its meaning, likewife comprehends the 

 men deflincd for the fervice of the artillery, the people who 

 provide the artillery with materials and implements wiien 

 engaged, the cannoniers, the bombaidiers, the officers of 

 every rank, and engineers of eveiy kind. By artillery is like- 

 wife underilood the fcicnce which the officers of artilleiy 

 ought to poffefs. See Engineering. 



In the mod ancient times, when war was made with 

 quicknefs and impetuofity, the ufe of artillery was un- 

 known. Something- like mihtary engines feem hinted at in 

 the booli of Deuteronomy (chap; xx. v. 20.) ; but the ear- 



lieft 



