ART 



"lofoplier or proficient in the faculty of arts. See Arts. 



Artist is more peculiarly undcrflood of a chemilt or 

 alchymift. In which fcnfe it is that Paracelfus and other 

 adepts ufe the word. 



ARTIZOOS, from «f'i, Jliorl, and ^ii, life, is ufed by 

 fome ancient phylicians for an infant fhort-livcd, by rcafon 

 of a difliciilt birth, whereby he was long detained in the 

 puffiifie from the womb. 



ARTOARTA, in Ancient Geography, a town of India 

 on tlii-i tide of the Ganges. Ptolemy. 



ARTOBRIC/A. a town of Vindclicia, mentioned by 

 Ptolemy, and fuppofcd by fome to be Altzbnrgh in Bava- 

 ria, on theDunub':, below Ingollladt ; but by Cliiverius, to 

 be Labcnau, on the Saltzbach, below LaufTen, in the 

 archbifhopric of Saltzburgh. 



ARTUCARPUS, in Botany, hrcad-fnnt tree (from «fTo,- 

 and JtxfT-;). Lin. gen. Schr. 1393. .Supp. 61. Fori!, gen. 

 51. Jiiff. 402. Sitodium Soland. Gi-rtn. t. 7 i, 72. Rader- 

 machia Thunb. Nov. Gen. 24. Clals, Monoecia monandria. 

 Nat. Ord. of Urlicji. Juff. Gen Char. * Male (lowers, Cal. 

 none; ament cyliaJrical, all covered with florets. Cor. to 

 each two petals, oblong, concave, blunt, villofe. Stam. fila- 

 ment fingle, within each corolla, fililorm, the length of the 

 corolla; anther oblong. * Female flowers, on the fame 

 tree. CaJ. and Cnr. none. P\fl- germs very many, connected 

 into a globe, liexaiigular; Ilyle to each, filiform; ftigma 

 fingle or two, capillary, revolute. Per. fruit ovate, globular, 

 compound, muricatc. Seed for each germ folitary, ob- 

 long, covered with a pulpy aril, placed on an ovate re- 

 ceptacle. 



Efl". Gen. Char. Male, ament. calyx none. Cor. two- 

 petalled. Female. Cal. and Cor. none; ftyle one; berries 

 one-feeded, connected, and forming a roundifli muricated 

 fruit. 



Species, i. A. tnc'tfa, bread-fruit tree. Ford. Efcul. 

 Anft. 23. Sitodium incifum. Thunb. Phil. Tranf. v. Ixix. 

 p. 465. Radermachia incifa. Thunb. Aft. Holm. vol. xxxvi. 

 p. 350. Le Rima, ou fruit a pain. Sonnerat Voy. 99. 

 t. 57 — 60. See alfo the voyages of Dampier, Anfon, 

 Hawkfw. Cook, King's Narr. Ellis Monogr. 



a Fruftu apyreno, fruit -.u'lthout feeds. 



/S Fr\!ftii ftminifero, 'vuith feds in the fruit. 



J^eave: gq/b;-d. Forller, wliofe defcription of this tree 

 appears to be more complete than that of any other writer, 

 fays it is the tliicknefs of a man, and upwards of forty feet 

 high; the t'unk is upright, the wood foft, f.nooth, and 

 yellowifh, the :.;Hr bark white, compofed of a net of (liffifli 

 fibres, the cuter bark finooth, but full of chinks, pale a(h- 

 colour, with fmall tubercles thinly fcatlered over it. Where- 

 ever the tree is wounded, it pours out a glutinous milky 

 liquor. The branches form an amp!c almoil globular head; 

 .the lower ones, which arc the longelt, fpring from the trunk 

 ten or twelve feet above the ground, fpreading almoll hori- 

 Tontaily, fcattcrcd, and in a lort of whorl ; twigs afcending, 

 bearing flowers and fruit at their ends. Leaves alternate, 

 petibled, ovate, deeply divided above the middle into fevcn 

 or nine lanceolate acute iobes, with tounded finufee; they 

 are otherwifc quite entire, fmooth on both fides, even, 

 fpreading, bright green, paler underneath, membranaceous, 

 a foot and a half in length, eleven inches wide, veined, hav- 

 ing a thick nerve to each lobe, diverging from the common 

 racliis. The younger leaves, like all the more tender parts 

 of the tree, are glutinous to the touch ; petioles roundifli, 

 even, afcending, two inches in length; ilipules in pairs, in- 

 volving the younger leaves, lanceolate, acuminate, concave, 

 entire, fmooth within, hairy on tlieoutfide, deciduous, three 

 inches long; peduncles at the ends of the twigs, and in the 



ART 



axils of the upper leaves, folitary, round, upright, having a 

 few hairs, and two inches in length. The male flowers arc 

 among the upper leaves; and the female flowers at the ends 

 of the twigs. The male ament is club-fliapid, flelliy, up- 

 right, a fpan long, covered with innumembie fn'.ail, feflile 

 florets. The proper perianth is very fmall, tvvo-valved ; valves 

 equal, oblong, blunt, concave, clofely adhering, {hut, ycl- 

 lowifh-brown. Thcfe have no fpathes. The female flowers 

 have bivalve fpathes, ovate-lanceolate, compreflcd, acuminate, 

 upright, bent at the tip, foft, a fpan in length, at firll clofed, 

 then deciduous, placed at the end of the peduncle; i'padix 

 globular, covered with many connate germs, thefc are ob- 

 conical, immerfed in the receptacle, fomewhat convex at the 

 top; ftyles fcareely any ; ftigmas ])rojefting point,'., wither. 

 ing; in fome varieties thefe are billd, according to Thunberg. 

 The fruit is a globular berry, fmoothifli, marked with hexa- 

 gons on the furface, pale green, often nine inches in length, 

 filled with a white, farinaceous, fomewhat fibrous pulp, 

 which, when the fruit is ripe, becomes juicy and yellow; it 

 is faftencd to a club-fliaped, flelhy receptacle, which is longi- 

 tudinally fibrous, and a hand in length. 



In captain Cook's voyage it is oblervcd, that the bread- 

 fruit tree is about the fize of a middling oak ; its leaves are 

 frequently a foot and a half long, oblong, deeply finuated 

 like th >fe of the fig-tree, which they rcfembit in confiftencc 

 and colour, and in exuding a milky juice when broken. The 

 fruit is the fize and fiiape of a child's head, and the furface 

 is reticulated not much unlike a truffle ; it is covered with a 

 thin fl<iii, and has a core about as big as the handle of a 

 fmall knife ; the eatable part lies between the fkin and 

 core ; it is as white as fnow, and of the confidence of new 

 bread. It mull be roalted before it is eaten, being firfl 

 divided into three or four parts; its tafte is infipid, with a 

 flight fwcetnefs, fomewhat refembling that of the crumb of 

 wheaten bread mixed with Jerufalem artichoke. The fruit 

 not being in feafon all the year, there is a method of fupply- 

 ing this defect, by reducing it to four palle called nuihie ; 

 and befides this, cocoa-nuts, bananas, plantains, and a great 

 variety of other fruits, come in aid of it. 



This tree not only fupplies food, but alfo clothing, for 

 the bark is llripped off the fuckers, and formed into a kind 

 of cloth. To procure the fruit for food colls the Otahei- 

 teans no trouble or labour but climbing a tree ; which thougli 

 it Ihould not indeed fhoot up fpontaneouflv, yet, as captain 

 Cook obferves, " it a man plant ten trees in his life-time, he 

 will as completely fulfil his duty to his own and future 

 generations, as the native of our lefs temperate climate can 

 do by ploughing in the cold winter, and reaping in the 

 fummer's heat, as often as thefe fcafons return ; even after 

 he has procured bread for his prefent houfehold, he ihould 

 convert a furphis into monc)', and lay it up for his children. 

 But where the trees are once introduced in a favourable 

 foil and climate, fo far from being obliged to renffiv them 

 by planriug, it fcems probable that the inhabitants will rather 

 be under the neceflity ot preventing their progrefs ; for 

 young trees fpring abundantly fT-om the roots of the old 

 ones, which run along near the furface. Accordin'Tly they 

 never plant the bread-fruit tree at Otahcite." The bread- 

 fruit is dillingniflied into that which is dellitute of feeds, and 

 that in wliieli feeds are found. The natives of Otaheite 

 reckon at lead eight varieties of trees which produce the 

 former. The moil common of thcfe is named uru or eoroo, 

 bearing a globular, fmooth, even fruit. The maira has an 

 oval, fmooth fruit, with the leaves more deeply cut. The 

 palea has a fruit oblong and rough, with a fcaly appearance. 

 The taliirra has an oval fruit, with mamnullary germs, muri- 

 cated by the permaaent ftyle. — Probably, by extending the 



culture 



