A R U 



A R U 



']ir.T'ptioii is v'si-y much CTrrodcd and effaced, and t!)C fenfe 

 cm only bo difcovcrcd by very learned and indullrious an- 

 tiquaries, or fupplied by their conjeftures. For a tranf- 

 Intii'u from the Greek of this ancient remain, fee Tab. i, 

 J'Iav fair's Chronology, p. 297. Almoll every event in this 

 table between the deftruclion of Troy and the annual ma- 

 gidracy of Athens, is dated twenty-fix years earlier than in 

 the canons of Enfcbias, and thofe of other approved chro- 

 r.ologci-s ; fo that this miniber of years m\i(l be fubtracled 

 from the dates in the marbles, during the time mentioned, 

 ill order to accommodate them to thofe of Eratoilhenes, 

 Dion. HalicarnafTenfis, Eufebius, and other ancient writers. 

 Thcfe valuable remains of antiquity have been applied to 

 t!ie elucidation of many parts of ancient hiftory that had 

 been long involved in obfcurity. However their incon- 

 lillency with other authentic hillorical accounts has depre- 

 tiated their importance and ufe ; and fir li'aac Newton, as 

 well as fome other modern philofopliers, have paid little 

 or no regard to them. Their authenticity has indeed of 

 hite been the fubjecl of particular difcuflion between Mr. 

 Rnbertfon, who, in his " Parian Chronicle," 8vo. 178?, 

 aaeflioned it ; and Mr. Hewlett, in his " Vindication of the 

 Authenticity of the Parian Chronicle," 8vo. 1789, de- 

 fended it. See an account of the arguments on both fides, 

 under the article Parian Chronicle. 



A RUND 1 NACE A, in Conchology, a fpccies of S a b e l l a 

 found in rivers in fome parts of Europe. It is fubconic, 

 open at both ends, and compofed of fragments of the bark 

 of reeds placed on each other. Gmelin, &c. 



Aru;;dinacea, in Enlom'ihgy, a fpecies of Aranea 

 that is found among reeds. The abdomen is fub-globoie, 

 and white fpotted with pale brown. Linn. Fn. Suec. 



ARUNDINACEUS, in Omitholusy, a fpecies of Tur- 

 Dus that inhabits reedy niarflies of Europe, and is called 

 La Roufferolle, on Roucherolle, by Brifibn, BnlTon, and 

 other French writers. Ray and Willughby named it Junco, 

 or greater reed fparrow ; and Dr. Latham, the reed thrudi. 



This bird is rather larger tiian the common lark ; the 

 colour is ferruginous brown ; white with a tellaceous tinge 

 beneath ; quill feathers brown, reddifli at the end. Gmel. 

 &c. Of this fpecies Gmelin enumerates three varieties ; viz. 

 /?. Turdus arundinaceus uropygio caudaque rufis : var. with 

 rufous rump and tail. y. Turdus arundinaceus fupra fa- 

 gittis nigris varius : var. varied above with black arrow- 

 (liapcd fpots. ^. Turdus arundinaceus minimus, fupra ex 

 Intefcente virens, teftricibus alarum ferrugineis : var. fmall, 

 above yellowifh green, wing ferruginous. In the fouthern 

 parts of Ruffia, and in Poland, this fpecies, it is faid, is very 

 common. It makes its nelt on the moffy hillocks among 

 reeds and ruthes, or according to Cramer, fufpends the 

 nell between two or three reeds which are faltened together 

 to fupport it. The female lays five or fix eggs ; and the 

 male, it is likcwile ojjferved, is perpetually finging while 

 the female is fitting ; and hence it has acquired tlie name 

 of water nightingale. 



ARUNDINETI, in Entomology, a fpecies of Ti- 

 ruLA defcribed by Linnxus and Fabricius. It is whitidi ; 

 antennas villofe ; eyes black. A native of Europe, and 

 inhabits reedy marfhes. 



ARUNDINIS, a fpecies of Phal;ena {Noaua Linn.) 

 that lives on the llalks of reeds. It is an European kind ; 

 the wings are cinereous with black dots, and marginal lu- 

 nnles of the fame colour; and the wings beneath marked 

 with a central brown fpot. Fabricius, &c. 



Arundinis, a fpecies of Avhis, that lives on the leaves 

 of arundo cpv^eios. The body is green ; head and thorax 

 brown, and covered with white dots. Fabricius, Gmelin, &c. 



ARUNDO, in Botany, Reed (fuppofed to be derived 

 from areo, becaufe it foon becomes dry). Lin. g.93. Schreb. 

 124. Juff. 32. Clafs, tr'tanilria riigynla. Nat. Ord. Gra- 

 niim-ie or grajfes. Gen. Char. Cni. glume one, or many- 

 flowered, two-valved, ereft ; valves oblong, acuminate, 

 awnlcfs ; one fiiorler. Cor. two-valved ; valves the length 

 of the calyx, oblong, acuminate ; from their bafe arifes a 

 lanugo, almofl: the len jth of the flower ; ntftary, two-valved, 

 very fmall. Stam. filaments three, capillary ; anthers fork- 

 ed at both ends. P'ljl. germ oblong ; ftyles two, capillary, 

 reflex, villofe ; fligmas fimple. Per. none ; corolla adheres 

 to the feed without gaping ; feed fingle, oblong, acuminate 

 at both ends, fumilhed with long down (pappus) at the bafe. 

 Efl". Gen. Char. Cal. two-valved ; florets congregated, 

 furrounded with wool. 



Species, i. A. iamios ; bambu or bamboo-cane; A. 

 bambcc. Lour. Cochinch. 56. K. arbor, Bauh. Pin. 18. — 

 "jafana, Bulu Java. Rumph. Amb. 1. 6. c. 4. Ily. Rheed. 

 Mai. i. 25. t. 16. Bamhos arundinacea, Retz. Obf. 5. 24. 

 n. 58. " Calyxes many flowered, (one-flowered. Lour.) fpikes 

 in threes, (unequal in number, Retz.) fcJIile." Lin. flowers 

 fix-ftamened.; panicle diffufed, with imbricate fpikeleta ; 

 branches of the culm fpiny ; calyxes one-flowered. Lou- 

 reiro. Panicle branched, divaricate, hard ; fpikes heaped 

 alternately, unequal in number, fcffile. Retzius. The bam- 

 boo has a woody hollow round ftraight culm, forty feet high 

 and upwards, fimple and fliining ; the internodes a foot in 

 length and in circumference ; (heaths thick, haii-y, rough, 

 convolute, decidaous ; bi-anches alternate, flender, folid, 

 fpiny, reclining, fpringing out from the bafe to the top ; 

 the lower ones being ufually cut off; leaves fmall, entire, 

 lanceolate, roundifii at the bafe, flriated, rough, on alter- 

 nate round petioles. For the parts of inflorefcence we 

 refer to the fpecific charafters. It grows almoit every- 

 where within the tropical regions. Over a great part of 

 Afia it is very common : in China, Cochinchina, Tonquin, 

 Cambodia, Japan, Ceylon, the peninfula of India, and the 

 iflands. The bamboo-cane has been long fince introduced 

 into the Weft Indies, and flouriflies alfo in South Carolina. 

 Mr. Miller cultivated it here in 1730, and if our ftoves 

 were high enough, thcfe plants would probably rile to the 

 height of forty feet, as a ftrong (hoot from the root has 

 been found to attain to half this height in fix weeks. 



There is perhaps no plant ufed for fuch a variety of pur- 

 pofcs as bamboo. In the Eaft Indies, great ufe is made of 

 it in building, and the houfes of the lower clafs of people 

 are almoft entirely compofed of it. Bridges are alfo made 

 of it, marts for their boats, boxes, cups, ban<ets, mats, S:c. 

 Paper is alfo made of it by bruifing and ftceping it in water, 

 and thus forming it into a palle. It is the common fence 

 for gardens and fields, and is frequently ufed as pipes for 

 conveying water. The leaves are generally put round the 

 tea which is fent in chtfl;s to Europe from China. A ful> 

 fiaHce called Tai.yjheer ov Tciiad'ir, which is a concretion 

 of the liquor in the cavities of the cane, and extracted at 

 certain feafons, is faid to be indertruc\ibk by fire, to refifl: 

 the aftion of the flrongeft acids, and by fufion with alkali 

 to form a tranfparent pei manent glafs which may be dccom- 

 pofcd by acids &c. The tabaflieer is much elleemed as a 

 medicine by the orientahfl:s, and indeed feveral parts of the 

 bamboo, according to I^oureiro, poffefs medicinal virtues. 

 A. arborea, and A. orieiitalis, of Miller, feem to be only 

 varieties of A. bambos, and we learn from Loureiro and others, 

 thatthcre arellill more varieties, if notfoimdto be dillincl fpe- 

 cies. 2. A. (/5n.7.v, cultivated reed. h..faft'va. Bauh. Pin. 17, 

 Raii Hift. 1275. Mor. Hid. f. S. t.8. f. 5. " Calyxes five- 

 flowered, panicle diffufed. culm fliruLby ;" culm from fix 



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