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liitf, feirulate, na!<.ed." Root perennial ; culms many, a 

 foot or a foot and a half high, crcft, fimple, with a fiii'rlt; 

 joint near the bafe, above naked, ftriated, roughifh ; radi- 

 cal leaves linear, acute, rigid, incurved, fmooth on both 

 fides, with the edges fcrrulate-fc:\brous ; thofe on the culms 

 broadeft, nervofe, with long rtieaths which are nervofe 

 and fmooth ; ftipule lanceolate ; fpike ereft, commonly very 

 fimple ; upper fpikelets fubfcfrdc ; under ones long, pedu;i- 

 culated ; calycine glumes fubequal, acute, three-nerved, a 

 little keeled, fcabroiis of the length of the lower floret ; flo- 

 rets four or more, fubremote, roundifli, rougKifh, nervofe at 

 t!ie apex, membranaceous, lacerated, awiied from above the 

 middle of the back ; awn double the length of the floret, 

 purple, with a white apex ; interior glume fmaller, very 

 llendei-, minutely ciliate ; receptacle under the florets, !)efct 

 with fliort liairs. It grows on dry paiUires and heaths, flow- 

 ering in July. 20. K.fplcata. " Spiked; calyxes fix flow- 

 ered, longer than the outer petal, \yhich is awned and 

 forked at top." Spike compounded of three or four re- 

 mote upright fpikelets ; flowers f x, ftffile, upright ; calyx 

 fubulate, equal, longer than the fpikelet ; outer petal bifid 

 at the top, with a jointed awn between the divlfions, the 

 length of the fpikelet. It has the habit of feftuca dccumbens. 

 A native of Peniifylvaiiia. 21. A. bromoides, Gr. alpinum 

 aven. &c. Sclieuch. Gram. 228. t. 4. f. zi. " Subfpiked ; 

 fpicules binate, one peduncled ; awns divaricate; calyxes 

 cight-flowered." Two feet high ; culm fltnder ; fpikelets 

 round, generally in pairs, one fefiile, the other peduncled ; 

 calyxes from four to eight-flowered ; awns from the middle 

 of the back, twilled. A native of Switzerland, and about 

 Montpellier. 22. h..Jlngofa. " Panicled ; calyxes two- 

 flowered ; corolla fmooth at the bafe ; outer Valve ending in 

 two awns, fliorttr than the valve, and with a bent awn from 

 the back." Annual ; culm and leaves bare ; pedur.cles from 

 one to four, rough ; calyx the length of the florets ; valves 

 feven or ten-ribbed, bordered with a row of minute dots ; 

 valve of the corolla fmooth below ; fegments terminating in 

 purple awns white at the tip ; feeds hairy. This has been 

 found growing with the cultivated oat, but it is not a native 

 of this country. See Smith. 23. A. aurata, golden oat- 

 grafs. " Calyxes two-flowered; panicle fcattered, ereft ; 

 corollas golden, villofe at the bafe." A handfome grafs, 

 nine inches high ; leaves very (lender, brilUe-fhaped ; panicle 

 fliff", with mucronate fpikelets, one fliorter than the flther ; 

 corolla elliptic, pubefcent at the bafe ; top plaited, feiTate ; 

 at the bafe of the outer glume, a jointed awn, longer than 

 the flower. When this grafs arrives at maturity, it is of a 

 refplendent gold colour. A native of the Alps, of Swit- 

 zerland, and Piedmont. 24. A. fcheuch^m. Scheuch. 

 Gram. 23. t. 3. " Spikelets five-flowered, pubefcent at 

 the bafe ; peduncles branching." Culm frorii fix to twelve 

 inches high ; leaves fmooth, two lines broad, keeled ; pa- 

 nicle narrow like a fpike ; calyx purple, fliining, curved at 

 the top ; glumes unequal, mucronate ; outer glume of the 

 corolla mucronate, green, variegated with bay and gold co- 

 lour ; inner with a gold and filver colour, membranaceous, 

 awn kmp-, brown, jointed, twilled. A native of the fanie 

 places a? A. aurata. 25. K.JiUformh. Ford. Flor. n. 46. 

 « Panicle ered, very flender ; calyxes one-flowered ; awns 

 twice the length of the calyx." A native of New Zealand 

 and Eatler liland. ^ r o 



Proi,agation and Culture. For the graffes, fee Grass. 

 Oat. The bed time for fowing oats is in February- or 

 March, according as the feafon is early or late. 1 he black 

 and red oats may be fown a month earlier than the while, 

 becaufe they are hardier. The advantage of early fowing 

 is proved by experiment to be found iu the papers of the. 



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Bath Agricultural Society. . White oats fown the \A week 

 in May liavc produced feven quarters the acre, and in Hert- 

 fordlhirc they do not fow them till after they have done 

 fowing bariey, which is found to be a good prafticc ; this 

 oat being more tender than the others. Mr. Marfliall 

 mentions the blowing of the fallow as a dirc£t on for 

 the fowing of this grain. He fays, " mod people al- 

 low four buftiels of oats to an acre, but 1 am convinced,, 

 that thrje buftiels are more than enough ; the ufual produce 

 is about twenty-fux buftiels to an acrc'^ though I have fame- 

 times known more than tliirty." But forty buftiels and 

 more are certainly no unufual crop. It appears from Mr. 

 Young's " Tour through the Soutiiern Counties," t!iut the 

 quantity of oats fown varies from {\<i<: buftiels two pccki 

 to two buftiels and a half, and that the produce is a? fol- 

 lows : Q^. 15. p. 

 From 5 buftiels and upwards - - 460 

 4 buftiels - - . 4:2 



4 to 5 buftiels - - - 363 

 3- buftiels and a half - - 2 2 r> 



2 bulhels and a halt - - 200 

 He thinks the quantity of fetd ftiould he proportioned to 

 the poverty of the ground ; for in rich land com tillers fo. 

 much as aj)parcntly to cover tlie field ; but in poor land it 

 does not tiller at all, confequently the grains ftiould be fr»- 

 much the nearer. Mr. Young, in his " Northern Tour," 

 gives another table of the dift'erent quantities of feed com, 

 with their refpeftive average produce, as follow : 



From 7 buftiels fown, average produce - 603 



6 buftiels - - - -601 



5 buftiels - - - - 4 4 2 

 4 buflu-ls and a. half - . 451 

 4 buftiels - - - -400 



3 buftiels - - - -410 

 Or thus: 



From 6 and 7 buftiels - - -602 



4 buftiels and a half and five - - 443 

 3 and 4 buftiels - - -402 



Hence it appears, that although fome points remain doubt- 

 ful, yet the fuperiority of fix or fcvcu buftiels is fo great, 

 that there is abundant reafon to think the other quantities 

 are not equal to thefe in advantage, and that the modem 

 ideas of fowing fmall quantities of feed are not univcrfally 

 to be adopted. Mr. Young therefore recommends that ex- 

 periments ftiould be tried on all forts of foils, and in every 

 iituation, on fmall pieces of land, to deciJe this important 

 point. 



AVENACEA, in Concbology, a fpecics of Anomia, 

 with a pyriform ftiell, protratlcd, and fomewhat comprcfled 

 near the hinges. MiiU. Zool. Dan. A native of the North 

 feas. 



AVENiE, in Entomology, a fpecies of Musca, of a 

 black colour and ftiining ; eyes brownifh ; wings red and; 

 grecsi and very fliining. Inhabits Sweden. Gmelin, &c. 



AVENAGE, formed of the Latin ovtna, oaff, in Law, 

 a certain quantity of oats paid to a landlord in lien of fomc 

 other duties, or as a rent, from the tenant. 



AVENAY, in Gco^inphy, a town of France, in the de- 

 partment of the Mame, feated on the river Manic, one. 

 league and a half nortli-eaft of Epemay, and five W.N.W.. 

 of Chalons fur Marne. 



AVENCHE, or AvANCHF, a town of Swiflerland, in 

 the canton of Bern, and the principal burgh of a bailliage 

 in the Pays de Vaud. Some contend that it was the capital 

 of Helvetia, becaufe Tacitus (Hid. 1. i. c. 6S.) calls it 

 " Aventicum gentis caput ;" while others have endeavoured 

 to prove that by this cxprcffion the hidorian only intended to 



deuote 



