AVE 



-writers. It includes a number of cafes, candidly, it fiiould 

 fcem, related, as the author does not conceal thofe in which 

 be was unfuccefsful. Avenhoes, not ordinarily profule in 

 his commendation of other writers, fpeaks very favourably 

 of our author, whom he el'tccmed as the beil pliyfician that 

 had appeared fince the time of Galen. From his adive and 

 inqnifitive turn of mind, and the pains he took to learn from 

 pracTiiee the real powers of the medicines he ufed, he was 

 called the " Experinicnter," 



"Al Thcifer," which has been federal times reprinted, 

 was firll publifhcd at Venice, in folio, 1490. In 1628, J. 

 Celle pnbiiflied " De cognitu difficilihus in praxi ex liliro 

 Aven/.oar," 4to. Venet. Le Clerc Hilloire de Med. Hal- 

 kr Bill. Med. Praa. 



AVER, in yl^rhiilliire, a general name, in fome dillrifts, 

 for a labouring beall of any kind. 



AUER, in Gf9^/-j//y', a river of Lithuanian RufTia, which 

 runs into the Pregel, twelve miles weft of Inftcrburg. 



AVERA, in DoowfJay-Book, denotes a day's work of a 

 ploughman, or other labourer, which the king's tenants 

 in his deniefne lands were obliged to pay the flieriff, and 

 which was valued at eight-pence. 



AVERAGE, in j^:;ricuhure, a term ufed by the farmers 

 in many parts of England, for the ftubble, or remainder of 

 llraw or grafs left in corn fields after the harveft is carried 

 away. In Kent, it is called gratten, in other places rough- 

 ings, &c. In this fenfe it may be derived from haver, an 

 Englilh name for oats ; or from averla, bcnfls; being as 

 much as feeding for cattle, or pafturage. Ray. 



Average, Averagium, in La-w, that duty or fervice 

 which the tenant is to pay the king, or other lord, by his 

 beafts and carriages. The word is derived trom the bafe 

 Latin a-vcr'ia, catlh or goods ; or the French auvrc, zuork. 



Average, ax Aver'nlge, in Navigation 7sx\^ Commerce, is 

 ufed to denote the damage which happens to fliips and 

 their cargoes, from the time of their loading and failing, till 

 their return and unlading. It is divided into three kinds. 

 I. The fimple average, which confifts in the extraordinary 

 expenccs incurred for the (liip, fuch as the lofs of anchors, 

 m ilts, and rigging, by common accidents at fea ; or for 

 the merchandize, fuch as the damages which they have 

 fuftained by ftorms, capture, fhipwreck, wet, or rotting ; 

 all which muft be defrayed by the thing that fuffered the 

 damaire. 2. The large an3 common average, being ex- 

 pences incurred, and damage fuftained, for the common 

 fecurity both of the merchandize and fliip, which were to 

 be borne by the (hip and cargo : fuch are ranfoni-money, 

 goods thrown overboard^ expcnces of unlading, or enter- 

 ing into a river or harbour, and the provifions and hire of 

 the failors, when the ftiip is detained by embargo. 3. The 

 fmall averages, which are charges of towing and piloting 

 the ftiip, one third of which mull be charged to the fhip, 

 and two-thirds to the cargo. 



Average, is more particularly ufed for the quota or 

 proportion which each merchant or proprietor in the fliip or 

 loading is adjudged, upon a reafonable ettimation, to con- 

 tribute to a common average. 



Such fum (hall be divided among the feveral claimers, by 

 •wav of average, in proportion to their refpective interefts 

 and demands. 10 Ann. cap. 17. 



Average is alfo a fmall duty, which thofe merchants 

 who fend goods in another man's (hip pay to the mailer 

 thereof, for his care of them, over and above the freight. 



Hence, in bills of lading it is expreffed : — Paying fo 

 much for the faid goods, with primage and average ac- 

 ellomed. 



AVERANI, Benedict, '\a Biography, a learned Floren- 



A V E 



tine, was born in 1^)52, and taught the Greek language 

 with great reputation in the univerllty of Pifa. He wrote 

 excellent " Difiertations," on the " Anthologia" on Thu- 

 cydides, on Euripides, and other ancient Greek clafTics. 

 His acquaintance with Roman literature was accurate and 

 profound, as appears from his " Remarks and Dilcourfes 

 on Livy, Cicero, and Virgil ;" and his leftures and writings 

 were well calculated to promote a correft and elegant tafte 

 in polite literature ; fo that he contributed much to reform 

 the bad tafte of his age, and to bring back in Italy the 

 golden period of the i6th century. Averani died at Pifa 

 in 1707, in the 55th year of his age. His works were 

 coUeited and printed at Florence, in 3 large volumes, in 1716 

 and 1717. Gen. Biog. 



AVERANO, in Ornithology, the name of the variegated 

 Chatterer (Ampel'is variegata, Gmel.), in Bufl'on's Hiftory 

 of Birds. 



AUERBACH, in Geography, a town of Germany, in 

 the circle of Upper Saxony, 14 miles fouth of Zwickau, 

 and 60 W. S. W. of Drefdcn. N. lat. 50° 26'. E. long. 

 12° 26'. 



AVER-CORN, in Ancient Writings, fuch corn as by 

 cuftom is brought by the tenants' carriages, to the lord's 

 granary. 



AVERDUPOIS Pound. See Pound. 



AvERDUPOis /^ij/j-Zi/. See Weight. 



AUERHAHN, in Ornithology, a name afligned by 

 Frifch, Bloch, and others, to the wood grous, or Moun- 

 tain cock, tiiroa urogallus of Linnasus. 



AVERIA, in lixxr Latt) Books, properly fignify oxen or 

 horfes ufed for the plough ; but, in a general fenfe, any 

 cattle ; and fometimes the term includes all perfonal eftate. 



When mention is made of one beaft, they fay, quidam 

 equus, vel quidam bos: when of two or more, they do not fay, 

 eqiii or Loves, but averia^ 



AvERiA, in Commerce, a branch of the Spanl(h revenue, 

 denotes a tax paid on account of convoys to guard the 

 (liips failing to and from America, which was firft impoied 

 when hr Francis Drake filled the New ^Vorld with terror 

 by his expedition to the South fea. It amounts to 2 per 

 cent, on the value of goods. Robertfon's Amer. vol. iii. 

 p. 490. 



AvERiA, Rcplegiare de Avcriis. See Replegiare. 



AVERIIS captis in Withernam, in Lanu, a writ for the 

 taking of cattle to his ufe who hath cattle unlawfully di- 

 ftrained by another, and driven out of the county where 

 they were taken, fo that they cannot be replevied by the 

 (lieriff. Reg. Orig. 82. See Distress. 



AVERIUM. See Heriot. 



AVER-LAND, a term employed, under the feudal 

 fyftem, to fignify fuch lands as were ploughed by the 

 tenants for the ufe of their lords. 



AVERMENT, in Laiu, ufually i'lgnifies an offer of 

 the defendant to make good or juftify an exception, pleaded 

 in abatement or bar of the plaintiff's aftion. 



The word alfo fometimes fignifies the ac\, as well as the 

 offer, of juftifying the exception ; and not only the form, 

 but the matter thereof. Co. Litt. 362. Averment is either 

 general or particular. 



Averment, general, is the conclufion of every plea to 

 the writ, or in bar of replications or other pleadings (for 

 counts, or avowries in .nature of counts, need not to be 

 averred), containing matter affirmative ; and ought to be 

 with the words, " hoc paratus ejl verificare." See Plead- 

 ing. 



Averment, particular, is when the life of a tenant for 

 life, or tenant in tail, or the parfon of a church, is averred. 



