AUG 



defence, "Nf<:lsii£\hoii's love of peace and concord feems to 

 have canned him beyond wliat he owed to the truth ; ar.d 

 through lervile fear) exccffivc charity, or indecifion of 

 mind, he makes feveral ftraiij^e coiiceffions to the church of 

 Rome, Moflieini's 3-'ccl. Hift. vol. iv. p. 283. In forae 

 fabfequent editio-.is of the "■ Apologia," the obnoxious 

 pafTa.Tca were omitted, and the phrafeology that had given 

 uift offence niateriallv altered. See Philippists. 



AUGUSTATICUM, in Muldh Jg^ Writers, denotes 

 a largefs, or donative, of an emperor to the people or fol- 

 diery. 



AUGUSTENBERG, in Geography, a town of Ger- 

 many, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and county of 

 Jiciiwartzburg ; three miles eaft of Arnlladt. 



AuGtisTENBERG, a town of Denmark, in the duchy 

 of Slefwiek, fix miles eaft of Sonderborg. 



AUGUSTICUM Marmor, in the Natural H'l/lory of 

 the Jndents, a name given to tlve-coir-raon green and u-hite 

 marble fo frequent in ufe with us for tables, &c. ; and called 

 by our artificers, Egyptian marble. 



AUGUSTIN, Anthony, in Bkgraphy, archbifhop of 

 Tarragona, was born at Saragoffa, of parents of dillindion, 

 and ftudied in various univerCties both of Spain and Italy. 

 At the age of twcaty-five, he publifned a treatile of law, 

 intilled, " Emendationes et Ophiiones Juris Civilis." He 

 was fent as nuncio to England by pope Julius III. in 1554; 

 and in 1562, he ciilinguifhcd himfclf at the conned of 

 Trent. From the year 1574 to 1586, the time of his 

 death, he pofFeflcd the archbiflropric of Tarragona. His 

 liberality to the poor was fuch, that when he died, there 

 was not found money fufficient to defray the expences of a 

 funeral fuitable to his rank. Of many writings in law, 

 which he left, the moil valuable is a treatife " De Emenda- 

 tione Gratiani," firif printed at Tarragona in 1587, and 

 afterwards publifhed in 1672, by Balzar, 8vo., and etteemed 

 an elaborate treatife on the canon law. He wrote alfo " An- 

 riqua CoUediones Decretalium," printed at Paris in 1621, 

 folio, with notes ; " Dialogues on Medals," publilhed at 

 Tarrao-ona, in 1587 ; and other treatifes, chiefly on canon 

 law : with fliill m the law, he united purity of language. 

 Nouv. Dift. Hift. 



AuGusTiN, and by contraftionAusTiN, Sr.ufually ftyled 

 «' the Apoftle of the Englilh," was the firft archbilhop of 

 Canterbury, and flourifhed about the clofe of the fixth 

 century. He was originally a monk in the convent of 

 St. Andrew at Rome, educated under St. Gregory, after- 

 wards pope Gregory I. ; and about the year 596, deputed 

 by him on a miffion to Britain, for the converfion of the 

 Englifli Saxons. Whilft Augullin, and forty monks, who 

 were his afTociates in this niilTion, were purfuing their jour- 

 ney, they were difcouraged by apprehenfion of the dangers 

 which they were likely to encounter ; and Auguftin was 

 fent back from France to Rome, with a petition to be re- 

 called from this hazardous undertaking. Gregory, how- 

 ever, was determined not to abandon his projeft ; he there- 

 fore encouraged them to proceed, furnifhed them with re- 

 commendatory letters to the king and queen of France, and 

 to the bifliop of Aries, and inllrucled them to take with 

 them fomc interpreters from the Franks, whofe language 

 ftill refcmbled that of the Anglo-Saxons. In the year 

 597, the miffionaries landed in the ifle of Thanet ; and 

 having informed Ethelbert, king of Kent, whofe queen 

 Bertha was a Chriftian, and who was difpofed to give them 

 a favourable reception, of their arrival, and of the defign 

 of their miffion, they were introduced into the royal pre- 

 fence. The king, however, chofe to receive them in the 

 •pen cur, from a fuperllitious notion that he would be thus 



AUG 



more fecure from the delufive influence of their magical 

 arts, than within the walls of a houfe. Auguftin, by means 

 of his interpreters, opened his comminion ; and atter ftat- 

 ing to Ethelbert the leading doftrines of Chriftianity, he 

 allured him to embrace the religion of Chrift by the aifur- 

 ance of an eternal kingdom in heaven. The king, after 

 a candid hearing, hefitated in abandoning the religion of 

 his anecftors ; but with a liberality which reflects honour 

 upon his memory, and under a due fenfe of the kind in- 

 tention with which the miffionaries had undertaken fo long 

 a journey, he allowed them to remain in the country, and 

 to ufe their efforts for the converfion of his fubjefts. Ac- 

 cordingly he affigned for their refidence that part of the 

 ancient Durovernum, or the modern Canterbury, which is 

 now called " Stable-gate," and which had been formerly a 

 kind of oratoiy or chapel for the royal family, where they 

 wordiipped and offered facrifice to their gods. The miffion- 

 aries entered the city in proceffion, finging an hymn. Their 

 minifterial labours were at firft confined to tl'.e precinfls of 

 the city, where the acceffion of new converts was inconfi- 

 dcrable ; but as foon as the king himfclf was profelyted and 

 baptized, tliey obtained liberty to extend their commilfion 

 to every part of his dominions ; and their fuccels was fu 

 great, that Auguftin is faid to have baptized 10,000 per- 

 fons of both fexes in one day, in the river Swale, at the 

 mouth of the Medway. In the commencement of his mif- 

 fion, he thought it expedient to refrain from coercive mea- 

 furcs ; and, as Bede infonns us (Eccl. Hift. 1. i. c. 26.), he 

 inftrudled Ethelbert, that the fervice of Chrift muft be vo- 

 luntary, and that no compulfion ought to be ufed ia pro- 

 pagating the gofpel ; nor does it appear that any violence 

 was ufed in the firft eftabhftiment of Chriftianity in England, 

 bcfides that of demoliihing idols, and converting Pagau 

 temples into Chriftian churches. 



Auguftin, wivo feems to have been confecrated archbifhop 

 of Canterbury before his arrival in England, was aijluated 

 by his rapid fuceefs with the ambition of poffcffing, under 

 the fanction of the pope, the fupreme authority in the 

 Englidi churches. For the purpofe of fohciting this ho- 

 nour, or that of primate of England, and alfo of obtain- 

 ing inftruftions with regard to other fubjefts, which may 

 now be deemed of very queftionable or trivial importance, 

 he deputed meffengers to the pope, who fpeedily returned 

 with a full anfwer to the archbilhop's inquiries. They alfo 

 brought with them a pall (fee Pall), as a badge of archie- 

 pifcopal dignity, and various other ecclefiaftical veftmentt 

 and utenffls. The pope alfo gave Auguftin diredlions for 

 erecting twelve fees within his province, and particularly 

 for appointing one at York, which, if the country ihould 

 become 'Chriftian, he was to form into a province with 

 twelve fuffragans. Among the counfels communicated by 

 the pontiff to Auguftus on this occafion, was an admoni- 

 tion not to be elated with pride on account of the miracles 

 which he had been enabled to perform in confirmation of 

 his niiniftry, but to confider that this power was given him, 

 not for his own fake, but for the fake of thofe whofe fal- 

 vation he was appointed to procure. Auguftiii, having 

 fixed his fee at Canterbury, dedicated an ancient church, 

 formerly built by fome Roman Chriftians, to the honour 

 of Chrift ; and king Ethelbert founded the abbey of St. 

 Peter and St. Paul, afterwards called St. Auguftin's, and 

 fince converted into the archbifhop's palace. Such was the 

 attachment of St. Auguftin to the fee of Rome, that he 

 attempted to bring the Britifli biftiops in Wales under the 

 authority of the Roman fee. From the time when the an- 

 cient Britc.s, or Welfti, were firft inftrutfed in the Chriftian 

 faith by Faganus and Damianus, who had been fent at the 



requeft. 



