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again returned to their places. Thefe tripods, which are 

 mentioned alio by Arlllotle (Polit. i. 3.) were probably 

 only a kind of fmall tables, or dumb waiters, with wheels 

 io contrived that they could he put in motion, and driven 

 to a dillance, on the fnialkll: impulfe. 



Automata that reprefent human figures are called An- 

 dro'des. (See Androides, under which article an account 

 has been given of feveial figures of this kind.) From a let- 

 ter addruffed by Thomas Collinfon, cfq. to Dr. Hutton, 

 we learn, that the fecret of the chefs-playing fiijurc exhi- 

 bited in various places by M. Kempelen (baron Kempell), 

 was difciiveird by a gentleman of rank and talents named 

 Jofeph Freidrick Freyhere, who publidicd, at Drefden, in 

 1789, a treatife explaining its principles. A well-taught 

 boy, very thin and fmall of his age, fo that he might be 

 concealed in a drawer almoft immediatelv under th-i chefs- 

 board, agitated the whole machine. M. Droz of La Chaux 

 de Fonds, in the province of Neufcliatel, has alfo executed 

 fomc veiy curious pieces of mechanifm. One of thefe was 

 a clock, prcfented to the king of Spam, to which pertained, 

 among other curious contrivances, a flitep that imitated the 

 bleating of this animal, and a dog, watching a bafket of 

 fruit, that barked and fnaried when any one olfcrcd to" take 

 it away, and a variety of moving human figures. Mr. Col- 

 linfon informs us, that when he was at Geneva, Droz, the 

 fon of the former, (hewed him an oval gold fnuff-box, about 

 43 inches long, 3 brond, and iJ thick, which was double, 

 with an horizontal partition ; one of the partitions contained 

 fnufF, and in the other, upon opening the lid, there fprung 

 lip a very fmall bird, of green enamelled gold, pcrchuig on 

 a gold ftand. This minute curiofity, being only three 

 quarters of an-iack from the beak to the extremity of the 

 tail, wagged its tail, (hook its wings, opened its bill of 

 white enamelled gold, and poured forth fuch a clear melo- 

 dious fong as would have filed a room of twenty or thirty 

 feet fqiiare with its harmony. Another automaton of Droz's 

 was the figure of a man, about the natural fizc, which held 

 in its hand a metal ftyle ; and by touchincr a fpring that re- 

 leafed the internal clock-work from its ftop, the figure be- 

 gan to draw on a card of Dutch vellum I'.id under the l^yle. 

 Having tinilhed its drawings on the fii"il card, the figure 

 relttd. It then proceeded to draw different ti;bjccts on five 

 or fix other cards, which number limited its delineating 

 powers. The firi^ card exhibited elegant portraits and like- 

 neffes of the king and queen facing each other ; and the 

 figure was obferved with the moft furprifing precifion to 

 lift its pencil, in the tranfition from one point of the draft 

 to the other ; as, e. g. from the forehead to the eye, nofe, 

 and chin, and from the waving curls of the hair to the ear, 

 &c. without making the haft flnr. 



AUTOMEDON, in Eraonvjlogy, a fpccies of Papilio 

 {Helleonius), with broad angulated wings of a brown colour 

 above, and livid beneath ; an ocellar fpot m the ai.al angle. 

 Fabricius, &c. Native place unknown. 



AUTONINE, Bernard, in Biography, a French law- 

 yer and advocate to the parhamcnt of Bourdeai;T<, was born 

 at Ageiiois, in 1587, and diid in 1666. The princi- 

 pal of the law treatifes which he wrote are in French, " A 

 Comparifon of the French with the Roman Law," publillicd 

 in 2 vols. fol. in 1644; and "A Commentary upon the 

 ProvMicial Law, or ' La Coutume,' of Bourdeaux," the 

 beil edition of which is that of Dupin, 172S, fol. with 

 notes. Healfowro;e in Latin " Cenfura Gallica in Jus 

 Civile Romanum," Paris, 8vo. 1615; and he publi(hcd at 

 Pans, in 1607. in two volvmes, 8vo., an edition of Juve- 

 nal and Perlius, with ample notes. Ke has been deemed 



Vol. III. 



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an induftrious rather than a judicious author. Nouv. Dift. 

 Hill. 



AUTONNE, in Geography, a river of France, which 

 runs into the Oife near Verbcrie. 



AUTONOMI, in Ancient Geography, fo called becaufe 

 they were their own law-givers, a people who inhabited the 

 moll rocky and barren parts of Thrace, feparaied from 

 Mafia by mount Haemus. In their engagement with Alex- 

 aadcr, they behaved with extraordinary valour ; but their 

 whole arn^y was cvit in pieces, and their baggage taken, to- 

 gcther with their wives ar,d children. After this defeat, 

 they fubmifted to the conqueror, who, in order to prevent 

 their revolt during his abfence, took with him into Afia 

 all the chief men of their nation. Tncy afterwards fened 

 under Perfes aajainft the Romans ; but were allowed to Uve 

 according to their own laws till the reign of Vefpafian, 

 who made their country part of the province of Thrace. 

 Thucyd. l.ii. Anian, 1. i. 



AUTONOMIA, from airro,-, felf, and >o/,»,-, law, a 

 power of livinjr or being governed by our own laws and 

 magiftrates. The liberty of the cities which lived under 

 the faith and proteftion of the Romans, coiififlcd in their 

 autonomia, i. e. they were allowed to make their own laws, 

 and cleft their own magiftrates, by whom juftice was to he 

 adminiftcred, and not by Roman prefidcnts or judges, as 

 was done in other places which were not indulged the auto- 

 nomia. 



AUTOPRACTI, from ov"o,-, and TrpxTli., / cxaB, in 

 the Ci'vil Laiu ; thofe indulged this privilege, that they 

 (hould not be fummoned or compelled to pay taxes or tri- 

 butes by the collectors, but (hould be left to their own free 

 will. Du-Cange. 



Of this number were men of diftinguiftied dignity, and 

 thofe eminent for their probity and honour. 



AUTOPSY, compounded of avn;, one's fclf, and oj-ir, 

 fght, ocular infpeftion, or the feeing a thing with one's 

 own eves. 



AUTOPYROS, from «yTo.-, and imjp;, •wheal, in the 

 Ancient Diet, an epithet given to a fpecits of bread, wherein 

 the whole fubflance of the wheat was retained, without re- 

 trenching any pait of the bran. 



Galen defcribes it otherwife, viz. as bread where only 

 the coarfer bran was taken out. — And thus, it was a medinm 

 between the fintft bread, caWciJimilagineut, and the coarfeftf 

 called furjuraceus. 



This was alfo called aulopyriles, in&fyncomjjlus. 



AUTOUR, in Omith'jlogy, the name under which Buf- 

 fon defcribes the golhawk, ory^/ro ^a/i/mirtnW of Linnzus. 



AuTOUR, in Natural Hifiory, a fort of bark which re- 

 fembles cinnamon, but is paler and thicker ; it is of the co- 

 lour of a broken nutmeg, and full of fpangles. It comes 

 from the Levant, and is an ingredient in the carmine dye. 



AUTREAU, James D', \n Biography, a painter and a 

 poet, was bom at Paris, in 1656; but being of a fingular 

 and mifantliropic difpofilion, fccluded himfelf from the 

 world, lived in obfcurity, and died in an hofpital. As a 

 painter, though not eminent, he produced fome pieces that 

 were efteenicd. ^Vith a view of doing honour to the cha- 

 rafter of cardinal Fleury, he adopted the device of exhibit- 

 ing Diogenes with a lanthoni fearching for an houeft man, 

 and pointing him out in a portrait of the cardinal. Having 

 nearly attained the age of fixty, he bcsan to write for the 

 ftage; and the fpecies of compofition which he firil adopted, 

 notwithftanding his contrary difprfition and h:;b:ts, wa» 

 ligl'.t and humourous comedy. He wrote both for the 

 ItaLan and French theatres. His " Port a I'Atglois" was 

 5D hit 



