BAG 



on tlieir terraces. The military government is under a pacha 

 or bafha, who ufes various defpotic methods to extort money 

 from the inhabitants, and particularly from the Jews and 

 Ciiriftians, who are the principal merchants of the city, and 

 who have been in a great meof ire driven from it by the op- 

 prefTion they have fuffcred. The civil adniniftration is cxi:r- 

 cifed by a cadi, who afts as ]v.dge, prefidc-t, and mufti, with 

 a tefterdur or treafurer under him, w'lo ciiUerls the revenue 

 of the grand fignior. The pilgrims that vifit Mecca by land 

 are obliged to pafs through Bagdad, a'^d ever)' one of them 

 pays a tribute or toll, equivalent to four piaftres, to the 

 bafliaw, wh'ch branch of the revenue yields annually a con- 

 fiderable fum to the grand fignior. The revenues are com- 

 p'ltedat 125 lacks of piaflcrs, amoMntingtoabout 1,562,5001. 

 ftLrli'ig; but of thcfe, not more than one quarter are col- 

 leftt-d, by reafon of the indolence of the Turk?. As the 

 ba'ha.v lives in all the fplendor of a fovcreign prince, and 

 maintains a very large army, he has recourfe to great Injuftice 

 and opprcfiion, in order to obtain the neceflary fupply. 

 The inhabitants of this city are chiefly Perfiaiis, Armenians, 

 Turks, Arabs, and Jews, and of thtfc- the lall ail as fcl'.rofTs, 

 or bankei-3, to the merchants. The Jews, notwithftanding 

 the feverity with which they are treated, ar- induced to live 

 here from a reverence to the prophet Ezekiel, whofe mau- 

 foleum they pretend is a day's, journey from the city. Many 

 of them likewife annually refort hither from other p:irts to 

 vilit the prophet's tomb. Two chapels are allowed for 

 thofe of the Romifh and Greek perfuafion. In this city 

 there are feveral beautiful mofques, into which Chriftians are 

 rnt fuffered to enter, for fear of their being defiled. The 

 Mahometan women are very richly drcffed, wearing brace- 

 lets on their arms and jewels in their ears. The Arabian 

 women wear rings in the partition between their nollrils, 

 which are bored for this purpofe. 



The ruins of ancient Babylon are fituated about fifteen 

 leagues to the fouth of Bagdad. See Babylon. 



BAGDEDIN, Mahomet, in Biography, an Arabian 

 mathematician, lived in the tenth centui'y and is reported 

 to be the author of feveral treatifes in geometry, among 

 which is one " On the divifion of fuperficies," tranflated 

 into Latin by John Dee of London, and by Frederic Coni- 

 mandini of Urbino, who publifhed tl-.is treatife at Pcfaro in 

 1570. Some have fnppofed that Bagdedin was merely the 

 tranflator of th's work from Greek into Arabic, and that it 

 was written by Euclid, or fome other ancient mathematician. 

 Moreri. 



BAGENBON Head, in Geography, a cape of Ireland, 

 in the Atlantic ocean, on the coall of Wexford. N. lat. 

 52" 9'. W.long. 6=' 48'. 



BAGGAGE, is particularly ufcd, in the Military Art, 

 for the necrffaries, uteufils, apparel, &c. of the officers and 

 foldiers. The baggage includes alfo women, children, 

 futtlers, &c. 



The baggage is well called by the Roman writers, impedi- 

 menta, on account of the great trouble and expcnce attending 

 it. Unlefs ftriel difcipline be kept, great inconveniences may 

 arife from it ; whence feveral military laws and ordinances 

 relating to the baggage. 



The baggage-waggons, before a march, are appointed a 

 rendezvous, where they are marlballcd by the waggon-malltr- 

 general, according to the rank the feveral regiments bear in 

 the army. On a march, they are fometimes ordered to 

 follow the refpeftive columns of the army, fometimes to 

 follow the march of the artillery, and fometimes to make a 

 column of themfelves. The general's baggage is generally 

 firft. If the army march from the right, the baggage of 

 that wing has the van; if from the left, the baggage of the 



BAG 



left has the van. Each waggon has a diftinguifliing flag, to' 

 fhevv to what regiinent it belongs. 



Baggage, Pacling up the, -vafa colligere, was a term 

 among the Romans, for preparing to go to war, or to be 

 ready for an expedition. 



The formula by which the fol4icrs declared they were in 

 readincfs, was vafa conclamare. 



The Romai.s dillinguidicd two kinds of baggage, ^greater 

 and hp; the Kflcr was carried by the foldier on his back, 

 and called yamrw; confilliiig of the things moft necefTarj- to 

 life, and which he could not do without. Herce cAligere 

 farciiias, packi-.g up the baggage, is ufed for decamping, 

 cajlra movere. The greater and heavier was carried on 

 hoifes and vehicles, and called cnera. Hence onera -vchicu- 

 lorum,farcina hominiini. The baggage-horfes were dcnomi- 

 noUd /agmentarii tijui. 



The Roman foldiers in their marches were heavy laden, 

 infoniLch that they were called, by way of jeft, rr.uJi, mariani, 

 and arumnit. They had four forts of lug^jage, which they 

 never v.'cnl without, viz. corn, or huccrllatum, ntcnfils, valliy 

 and arms. — Cicero obferves, that they ufed to carry with 

 them above half a month's provificns ; and we have in- 

 ftances in Livy, where they carried provifions for a whole 

 month. Their utenfils comprenended thofe proper for 

 gathering fuel, dreffing their meat, and eve 1 for fortification, 

 or intrenchment; and what is more, a chain for binding 

 captives. 



For arms, the foot carried a fpear, fliicld, faw, ba/ket, 

 rutrum, hatchet, loritm, falx, &c. Aifo flakes or pales, 

 "vaia, for the ludden fortifying a camp; fometimes feven, 

 or even twelve of thefe paks were carried by each man, 

 though generally, as Polybius tells us, only three or four. 

 On the Trajan column we fee fuldiers reprefcnted with this 

 fardle of corn, utenfils, pales, &c. gathered into a bundle, 

 and laid on their (boulders. 



Thus inured to labour, they grew ftrong, and able to un- 

 dergo any fatigue in battle; the greateft part of which never 

 tired them, or put them out of breath. In after-timts, when 

 dilcipHne declined, this luggage was thrown on carriages, 

 and porters' flionlders. 



The Macedonians were not Icfs inured to hard/hip than 

 the Romans; when Phihp firft formed an anr.y, he for- 

 bid all ufe of carriages ; yet with all their load, they 

 would march in a fummer's day, twenty miles in mihtary 

 rank. 



BAGGER, John, in Biogmphy, a Danifh divine, and 

 bifliopof Copenhagen, was born at Lundcn in 1646. After 

 profeculing his itudies vinder the ableil mailers in Germany, 

 the Netherlands, and England, he fettled in his native place, 

 and was appointed profeifor of the oriental languages. At 

 the age of twenty-nine years, he was advanced to the epif- 

 copal fee of Copenhagen, and difcharged the duties of his 

 office with diftinguilhed approbation. He reviled the ritual 

 of public worfhip etlablifiied by Chrilliern IV., and pub- 

 lidied feveral learned and eloquent difcourfes in Latin and 

 Danifh. He died at the early age of forly-feven. A 

 logical treatife of Bagger, under the title 01 " De prin- 

 cipiis perfeftivis Syllogiimorum," was printed in 4to. at Co- 

 penhagen in 1665. Moreri. 



BAGGING of Hops. See Hops. 



BAGHYRETTY, in Geography, a river of India, fup- 

 pofed by major Rennell, to be the true head of the Ganges, 

 which joins the Alucknundni river, the former proceeding 

 from the north, and the latter from the north-eaft, at Deu- 

 prag, or the middle Gangoutra, i.e. the fallor cafeade of the 

 Ganga, or Ganges, at a few miles dillance below Sirinagur; 

 and then they form the proper Ganges of Hindoftan, which 



alter- 



