B A I 



are by no means formidable. Nothing fcares them fo cafily 

 as finging; accordingly the Bunets are fo conliderate as 

 to compofe particular tunes for them. The louder the vocal 

 performer pitches his notes, the fafter the itupid hearer 

 fcan-.pers from him. The Burxts hunt them for the fake 

 of their flefli. Stags, elks and roe -bucks are very numerous; 

 rein-deer are far lefs frequent on the northern fhore. The 

 wild boars are filvcr griy, and fcarce; both perhaps in con- 

 fequence of the cold climate. The race of fables is not yet 

 fo thinned in thefe regions as in fome others; thofe taken 

 here are elleemed as eminently valuable; fuch efpecially as 

 range about the Upper Angara, are praifcd for the black- 

 tijfs of their fur. Ermines are fo prolific, that while M. 

 Georgi was at Irkutft, a contract fcr twenty thoufand (kins 

 to.be dcl;^';red at St. Peterfburg might be completed in a 

 couple of days. Not lefs numerous in winter are the white 

 hares, of whofe large and ftout ears pelifles are made, each 

 at or>e and one and a half rubles. The Tungufcs pay their 

 tnbute in^fqiiirrel-flcins; bclides thefe, many Ruffian hunters 

 coUeft a thoufa.d fliins in one winter, and yet there is no 

 perceptible di-rinution of the animals. 



Baikal, Mines of the. In the region of the Baikal, 434 

 TC!-fts from Irkutflc, on the Lena, extends a bed of copper 

 ore, which feems to reach, for goo verfts, to tbe river Kiren. 

 The country c.f the lacter river is far more hilly, confifting 

 pa.tly of lime-ftone, whence feveral mineral fources proceed. 

 Nor are fpccimens ol copper wanting. Iron ores and fer- 

 ruginous (lones are every where met with in ab ..ndance. On 

 till' Lena here and there are faliies of argentiferous glatz 

 gal na, interfperfcd with lime-ftone, and at times appears in 

 lumps (Tf two or three pounds. It was firft explored about 

 fli:ty y'ears ago by Meffrs. Make and Kutuzof. They 

 kerp fjur machines at work at the copper-flcEtz, near the 

 villages Botova and Shemanova. The ores are green-cop- 

 per, brown-copp^-r, coppcr-glafs, fahlertz-ores and malaquite. 

 Tne gangues are calcareous and fandy. The narrower the 

 gangue, the richer it is. The proportion is one fourth to 

 forty per cent, copner, but fcarcely a trace of filver. On 

 an average one hundred pocd of ore yields four pood of 

 good copper. 



Baikal, Mountains of the. This range of mountains 

 takes nearly the fame direAion with the Baikal lake, 

 acompanyingit on both fides from fouth to north and north- 

 eaft, runs down to the weft on the right of the Angara, 

 where it flattens in a moraffe fteppe of prodigious extent : 

 to the caft it advances from the ongin of the Lena, on both 

 fides of that river, and here likewife dies away in a widely 

 extended fliElzridge. In general it is a very craggy high- 

 pitched mountain, partly confifting of granite, partly of 

 fiint-breccia and lime-ftone. In the inferior regions of the 

 Angara, and the Lena, its floetz-mountain greatly declin<-s, 

 and frequently produces coal. From the upper Angariati 

 ridge there runs, as it (hould feem, a branch wettward, 

 throuo^h the region between th- Podkamenaia, and the 

 lower Tuntrufl<a, away over the Yen'fTcy, and confuls pro- 

 bably of mere flcetz-mountains. About the north-eaftern 

 part of the Baikal, the Upper Angara, the rivers Mama 

 and Vitim, where lie t!ie famous pits of mufcovy-glafs, 

 all the mountain ii granitic The mineral contents of thefe 

 mountains are as yet by far not thoroughly known. The 

 principal of what has been difcovercd in them, are coals, 

 afphaltus, fulphur-fources, native fulphnr, alum, common 

 fnlt fources, lapis lazuli, mufcovy-^lafs, carnelians, natural 

 p'-uffiaii blue, and fpecimens of copper, iron, and lead. — 

 Some tratls of mountains about the Baikal, for example, 

 the Burgundu, and others, are fo high that they are covered 

 with never-wafting fnow. In the lake itfelf many lofty 



B A I 



and deep clifTs afcend above the vater a» ifland* ; fom< 

 whereof confift of foHd white quartz.— The mountains are 

 partly bare, but moftly decked with forefts. Tlic moa 

 ufual kinds of trees are the pinus fylveftris and the birch ; 

 but here are likewife great numbers of larches and cedars. 

 The principal rivers which hence derive their ftreams, arc 

 the Selcnga, the Angara, the Lena, the Vilui, and the 

 lungufa. For farther particulars, fee Tookt's View of 

 the Ruffian Empire, vol. i. p. 157, & feq. 



BAIKALENSIS, in Ichthyology, a fpecies of C.allio- 

 KVMUs that inhabits the deep parts of the lake Baikal. 

 It is'about nine inches long, foft, (lender, and rather ci.in- 

 preffed ; and has ventral rins ; firft dorfal fin vciy fmall ; 

 the fecond with cirriferous rays. Pallas, Gmelin, &c. 



BAIKALITE, in Minerakgy, avariety of TptMOLiTS. 



B.A.IKALOVA, in Ges^rabln, a town of Siberia, 112 

 miles S. S. E. of Abakan(k. 



BAIL, LoiMS, in Biography, a French divine, bora at 

 Abbeville, flourilhed in the fevciitenth century, and wrote 

 feveral voluminous works, among which are "A Summary 

 of Councils," being a continuation of that by father Fr. 

 Longus de Coriolan, printed in 2 large folio volumes, at 

 Paris, in 1672 ; and an account of the moft celebrated 

 preachers in all ages, under the title of " Sapientia foris 

 praedicans," or " Wifdom uttering her voice in the flrcets." 

 Nouv. Did. Hiftor. 



Bail, in Laiu, the fctting at liberty one arrefted or im- 

 prifoned upon any aftion either civilorcriminal, under fuieties 

 taken for his appearance at a day and place afligned. It is 

 called bail, becaufe hereby the party confined is bailie, from 

 the Greek ^lOXwi, delivered into the hands of thofe who 

 bind themfelves for his forthcoming : or from bail, ufcd in 

 the fenfe of a guardian, into whofe hands the party is put 

 for fecurity fake : and the end of bail is to fatisfy the con- 

 demnation and cofts, or render the defendant to prifon. 



Ma:iwood diftingiiifhes between hail and mmnprife thus : 

 he that is mainprifed is faid to be at large, and to go about 

 at his hbcrty, without ward, till the time of appearance ; 

 whereas he who is let to bail to two or more men, is alwayj 

 accounted by law to be in their ward and cuftody for the 

 time : and they may, if they pkafe, actually keep him in prifon. 



With refpeft to bail in civil cafes, it is to be obferved, 

 that there is both common zvA /pedal bail. 



Common bail is that given in aftions of fmall prejudice, 

 or flight proof; in which cafe any nominal fnrctics are taken ; 

 as John Doe, and Richard Roe : this being no other than 

 a form of appearance : whereas /pedal bail is given m cafes 

 of greater moment, where it is required that the fureties be 

 fubftantial men, and according to the value of the matter 

 in queftion. 



It has been enafted that no pcrfons (hould be held to 

 fpecial bail in any aclion brought for kfs than ten pounds. 

 In order to which it is required by flat. 13 Car. II. ft. 2. 

 c. 2. that the true caufe of aftion (l-.onld be expreffed in the 

 body of the writ or procefs. Alfo no fecurity can be taken 

 in a greater fum than 40 1. This is obferved as to writs 

 ilTued out of the courts of W^ftminfter-hall, and extended 

 to all inferior courts by 19 Geo. III. c. 70. 



The method of putting in bail to the (herifT, is by enter- 

 ing into a bond or obligation, with one or more fureties 

 (not fiftitious pcrfocs, as in the cafe of common bail, hut 

 real, fubftantial, refponfible bondfmcn), which obligation 

 is called the hail-lond. The (herilF. if he pleafes, mav let 

 the defendant go without any fureties ; but that is at his 

 own peril : for, after once taking him, the fherifF is bound 

 to keep him fafcly, fo as to be forth-coming iVi court ; 

 other%vife an aftion lies againft him for an efcape. But, on 

 302 the 



