B A L 



oF Its water, wliich again may be occafioned hy tlic numerous 

 rivei-s that flow into it. Tlie miml)cr of llrcams wliicli 

 direftly or indireQ.ly empty themfclvcs into tliis fca, amount, 

 according to ButTon, to 40; and among tlitfc the Oder, the 

 Viftula, Sec. are the moil conhderable. We are aiTured by 

 hidory, that this fea has been fometimes totally frozen dur- 

 ing ft'vere cold. This was the cafe in 1333, at whieh time 

 people could travel on the ice from Lubec to PrufTia and Den- 

 mark ; and on this occalion tents were crefttd in different 

 places for the accommodation of travellers. A limilar pheno- 

 menon occurred in 1399, and in 1533; and in 1423, people 

 could walk and ride over the fea in a iiraight line from KoniT. 

 (berg to Lubec. Journies ot thelike kind were undertaken, fix 

 years after, not only from PiufFia to Holllein, but alfo from 

 Mecklenburg to Denmark; and this was done likewife in 

 1459. The frofls of the year 1709, and alfo of 1740, were 

 alfo very remarkable. The depth of the Baltic, in moll 

 places, never exceeds jo fath.oms. In fome few places of 

 the gulf of Bothnia no bottom is to be found; but in 

 others, quite near, the depth is not more than 50 fathoms. 

 It has been obferved, that the water in the Baluc is cooler 

 even in the hotteil fummers than that of the other feas. 

 The Baltic has no tide?, or is not fubj, dt to a regular ebbing 

 and flow ;ig, as it is furrounded by land, and is united with 

 the No-th fea only by the Sound and the two Belts: which 

 circumflpnce has given occalion to Us bting called tlic inactive 

 fea, or '' Mare pigrum." During a long continuance of the 

 well wind its natural efflux is prevented, and a confiderable 

 qua'^tity of water is forced into it from the Noith fea; fo 

 that it then vifes on the coalls a little above its ufual level. 

 Tl is connection, however, with the German ocean is fome- 

 times the caufe that the ebbing and flowing of the latter, 

 though weak, cn-operatcs with the Baltic, lo that traces of 

 their effeCls may be perceived. S.-e Phyfical Obfervations 

 on the Eafl or Baltic Sta, by F. W. Otto, from " Abris 

 einer Naturgefchichte des Meeres, Berlin, I7<,.2and 1794, 

 2 vols. 8vo. 



Baltic Port, formerly called Rogervyk, was raifed to 

 a circle town in 17S3, and one of the live diftricts of the 

 governm.cnt of Rcval, or Efthonia, according to the geo- 

 graphical dlvilion of the Ruffian empire in 1782 and 17S3. 

 Situate in a bay on the Baltic, in the government of Reval, 

 lat. 59° 22'. long. 41° 51' 3". it has 1 10 timber houfes, n t 

 inhabitants, and a brick church. This harbotir has been 

 greatly improved of late by art. Its trade arilcs from the 

 filTiery, &c. but it has few or no manufaftories. 



Bai tic F':lheri and Commerce. A confiderable lifhcry 

 is carried on along the coads of the Baltic. I'he gulfs of 

 Riga and of Finland contain generally the fame fpccies of 

 fi(h, and the employment wliich the produce of both occafion 

 is nearly equal. Thenaturalill of Livonia(Fiicher) enumerates 

 in the waters belonging to that province forty-nine different 

 fpecies of fifli, among which the falmon, llreanilings, pike, 

 and lampreys, if not for home confumption, yet for exporta- 

 tion, arc the moll important. The falmon is caught in 

 almoll all the rivers, but thofe in the Dvina and the 

 Narova are the befl, though they come far behind thofe of 

 Archangel in delicacy and plnmpnefs ; they arc exported 

 fmoakcd and faked. The flreamlings, a degenerate fpecies 

 of herring, are everywhere found on the fhores of the Baltic, 

 but tfpecially cbout Pernau, where they are in fuch quanti- 

 ties, that 300 of thefe fmall fifli arc bmight for three or five 

 kopeeks ; a ton of them when falted colls from three to fix 

 rubles. Formerly they were exported ; but the uoitherii 

 li-errings have annihilated this branch of commerce, which 

 are at prefent even bought by Hivonia, the ilreamimgs 

 being not fufficient for the home and the foreign coniunip- 

 Vet. III. 



B A L 



tion. Yet inflances are not wanting of 300,000 ef them 

 liaving been taken at one fucccfsful drauglit. One fpecic* 

 of fifh quite peculiar to thefe waters is the kyllo ftrcamli: g, a 

 fmallcr and more delicate variety of t!ie true ftrtaml ng, 

 caught in great numbers in autumn near Reval and Ro- 

 gcrvyk. I'jicy are pickled, and form a good fubllitute for 

 anchovies and fardelies, and are accordingly, thus prepared, 

 fent abroad to various parts. Not lefs exqu lite are the 

 potted lampreys that come particularly from Narva. Thi 

 greatefl (lore of the guif of Finland confifts in lltrlets, faU 

 mon, and carj) ; even (lurgcon are found in the gulf of 

 Cronlladt, and likewife at times in the Neva. Of the 

 fmalkr forts of lillj with which the government of Vyborg 

 is provided to a great fuperfluity,"an exceedingly great 

 quantity is brought ahve in pierced velVels to 6t. Pttcrf. 

 burg, and there fold cheap at the wattr-fide in tj.e barks 

 which form a fort of lifh market, and others that lie in va- 

 rious parts of the canals. In winter the trp.iilpurt of frozen 

 filh from the remoter parts of the empire is alfo very confi- 

 derable. The Ruffian commerce, in all the ports, which 

 may be gcneially termed the Baltic trade, as it is Hated by 

 Mr.Tooke, from Herrmj.nn and Taube, amounted in<l79Cto 

 a fum of 35,-50,000 rubles, of which the exports make 

 2i,zco,coo, and the imports 14,550,000 rubles. Tookc't 

 View of the RifUnn En pire, vol. ui. p. 73.436. 



BA LTIMORA, in Botany (a plant fo nan'.ed by Linniua 

 in honour of F. C. lord Baltimore, proprietor of Mainland 

 in Noiih America). Lin. g. fcchrtb, 1333. Julf. 187. 

 Gzrtn. t. 169. C\»k, j'ynger.ftii polygam'ia lifcefuria. Nat. 

 Old. ccmj<Qft;a opfxfilifoiia. Corymbife'rt,]aR. Gen. Char. Cat. 

 common cylindric; ieafletsfeven, lanceolate, erect ; theiiitcrior 

 ones fliorter. Cor. compound, radiate; ecroLules hermaphro- 

 dite of the difl< (eleven); females of the ray live; proper of 

 the hermaphrodites funnel-form, with a hve-cieft, tomcntofe 

 border; of the females ligulate, ovate, trifid, the middle ones 

 lets. Stan:, in the iiermaphrodite, filaments live; anther cylin- 

 dric. Pf/?. in the hermaphrodite, germ oblcurt; flylefhort; 

 lligm.a none : in the females, germ oblong, crowned with a 

 toothed deciduous calycle; llyTc filiform, very fhoit; fligma* 

 two, filiform, longer than the coroiiule. }'er. none. Calyx 

 unchanged. Sftd-t, in the hermaphrodite none ; in the fe- 

 males three-fecded, naked, gibbous at the top. Rec. chaffy. 



Ell. Gen. Char. fj/. cylindric, manv-lcaved; ray of the 

 corolla tive-flowerid; down none. i?<f. chaffy. 



Species, 1. B. rc-aa. Gxrtn. Fruc~t. 2. 444. An annual 

 upright plant about two feet high. Stem four-cornered, 

 chaninlled, green, rugged at the angles. Branches (hort, 

 lateral; leaves oppolite, llalked, ovate, acuminate, ftirate, 

 three-nerved, fome what tomentofe; floweis yellow, in ter- 

 minal panicles; corollules of the difk tomentofe, with black 

 anthers. This is a dlllindl genus from Milleri», although 

 the plant much refcmbles it. A native of Maryland, ucar 

 Baltimore, Intioduced in 1781 by Monf.Thouin. It 

 flowers in June and July. 



BAI.,TiMORE, in Geography, a county of Maryland, 

 in North America, lies between Patapfco and Gunpowder 

 rivers; the former icparating it from Ann --Arundel county 

 on the fouth and fouth-wefl, and Gunpowder and Little 

 Gunpowder dividing it iioni Hartford county on the call and 

 north-eaft. It has Frederick county on the well and north- 

 well, Pennfylvania on the north, and Chelaptak bay on the 

 fouth-eall. Befides the rivers which bound it, and their , 

 brauchcs, this county lias Back and Middle rivers, between 

 the two former, but they are rather anus of Chefapeak bay 

 than rivers. In this county there are numerous iron 

 wurks; aud it coutains 25,434 inhabitants, indudiu^ 5>^77 

 Haves. 



3Y Bal. 



