BAR 



Bars of Iron are made of the metal of the fov?s and pijrs 

 aa they come from the furnaceo. 



Thtfe pafs through two forges, called the finer)' and the 

 chaufery; where, underLjoititr five feveral heats, they are 

 formed into bars. Phil. Tranf. N" 138. p. 954, See Iron, 

 and Forge. 



Bar Shot, in ArlUhi-y. See Shot. 



To Bar or Jlnke a Fein, among- Farriers, an operation 

 performed on the veins of a horfe's legs, or other parts of 

 his body, in order to ftop the coiirfe, and lefTcn the quan- 

 tity of malignant humours prevailing there. 



It is thus performed: the farrier opens the fl<in, after dif- 

 engaging the vein, ties it above and beloiv, and then ilrikts 

 between the two ligatures. 



B AS. of a Port, in Marine Fortification. See Boom. 



Bar, in Geography, is ufed for a heap of faiid or mud, or 

 a chain of rocks, which block up the mouth of a river 

 or port, fo that there is no entrance except at hijh water. 

 The bar of Siam is a remarkable bank of mud, gathered in 

 the mouth of the river, which allows not above thirteen feet 

 of water, when the tide is higheft. 



Bar, a town of Arabia, fifty-fix miles fouth-eaft of EI 

 Catif, near the Perfian gnlph. 



Bar, a town of Hindoftan, in the country of Bahar, fifteen 

 miles north of Bahar, and thirty E. S. E. of Patna. 



Bar, Le, a town of France, in the department of the 

 Var, and chief place of a canton in the diilrict of Grafle, 

 four miles north-eall of GrafTe. 



'2>kv. fur Aube, a town of France, and principal place of 

 a diltrict in the department of the Aube. N. lat. 48° 14'. 



'Bavl fur Seine, a town of France, and principal place of 

 a dillrivft in the department of the Aube, fituate at the foot 

 of a mountain, on the Seine; it has three gates, a college, 

 and an hofpital ; jl leagues S. E. of Tioyes. N. lat. 48° 7'. 

 E. long. 4" 16'. 



Bar /e Due, a town of France, and principal town of a 

 diftricl in the department of the Meufe ; and, before the 

 revolution, the capital of the duchy of Bar. It is divided 

 into the Upper and Lower town by a caille called the Bar, 

 and was a ki;id of barrier between France and Lorraine. The 

 walls and towers of this caftle were demohfhed by Louis XI V. 

 The river Ornain runs through the lower part of the town. 

 It is feven leagues S.S. E. of St. Menchould, and gi well of 

 Toul. N. lat. 48^47'. E. long. 4° 4'. 



Bar, Duchy of, was, before the revolution, the name of a 

 country of France, fituate to the well: of Lorraine, thirty- 

 two leagues long and fixteen wide ; the face of the country 

 is irregular, prefenting h:lls and p'.ains; and it abounds with 

 wood, wine, corn, game, and fifh. Its name was derived from 

 the caRle of Bar, and it was erected into a county by the em- 

 peror Otho, but the time when it was railed to a duchy is 

 not afccrtained. 



Bar, adillrift of SwiiTerland, in the canton of Zug. See 



ZUG. 



Bar, is alfo the name of a f6rtrers of Poland, in Podolia. 



Bar, in Heraldry, denotes an oidinar)- nearly refcmbling 

 the Fefs : it confifts of two lines drawn horizontally acrofs 

 the field, and contains a fifth part thereof. The bar 

 hath two diminutives; viz. a clofet, which is in breadth one- 

 half; and a banulet, which is in breadth one fourth of that 

 of the bar. When th; field is divided into four, fix, eight, 

 ten, twelve, or more equal parts, it is then blazoned, harry ; 

 and the number of pieces are to be fpccilied, c. gr. larry of 

 fo many pieces ; but if it contains an odd number, the field 

 muft be Grft named, and the number of bars exprcfied; they 

 are then called bars. See Plate of Heraldry. 



BAi.s-Ctmel, or Mart-Ccmelles, are diminutives of the 



BAR 



bar, and are placed in pairs, or two and two on a (Jiield. 

 They derive their name from the Latin gemelli, twins. Sec 

 Plate of Heraldry. 



Bar, in a Court of jfuflice, denotes an inclofurc made 

 with a ftrong partition of timber, three or four feet high, 

 where the counfel are placed to plead caufes ; and where 

 pnfoners are brought to anfwcr their indiftments, &c. 



This the French call barre d'audience, and in fome place* 

 audttoire. It anfwers to what, among the Romans, was 

 denominated cauftdica. 



It is called bar, becaufe inclofed with a barrier, called alfo 

 in Latin writers cancelli and caulx, by a metaphor taken 

 from (hcep-folds. 



The denomination bar is alfo given to the benche* 

 where the lawyers or advocates arc feated. — The appellation 

 arofe hcT:ce, that anciently there was a bar, or barrier, to 

 feparate the counfcUors and pleaders from the attorneys and 

 others. 



Hence our lawyers who are called to the bar, or licenfed 

 to plead, in other countries called licenliati, are termed bar- 

 rijlers. 24 Hen. VIII. c. 24. 



Bar, or Barr, Barra, in Common Law, denotes a 

 peremptory exception againll a demand or plaint. 



The author of the " Terms de Ley" defines bar, a plea 

 brought by the defendant in an adion, whereby the action 

 of the plaintitT is deftroyed for ever. And it is divided into 

 bar to common intendment, and bar fpecial ; the former is an 

 ordinary or general bar, which is ufually a bar to the decla- 

 ration of the plaintiff; and the latter is that which occurs 

 upon fome fpecial circumllance of the faft, as to the cafe in 

 hand. Modern writers aifo divide bars into perpetual And. 

 temporary: bar perpetual, is that which overthrows the aftion 

 for ever, and bar temporary, or bar^ro tempore, is that which 

 is allowed good for the prcfent, but may fail, or be fet afide 

 hereafter. Plowd. 26. A plea in bar not giving a full an« 

 fwer to all the matter contained in the plaintiff's declaration, 

 is not good. 1 Lill. Abr. 211. If one be barred by plea to 

 the writ, or to the aftion of the writ, he may have the fame 

 writ again, or his right aiftion again ; but if the pica in ba/ 

 be to the aclion itftlf, avid the plaintiff be barred by judg- 

 ment, &c. it is a bar for ever in perfonal adions. 6 Rep. 7. 

 And a recovery in debt is a good bar to adtion on the cafe, 

 for the fair.e thing; alio a recovery on affumpfit in cafe is a 

 good bar in debt, &c. Cro. Jac. 1 10. 4 Rep. 94. In all 

 actions perfonal, as debt, account, &c. a bar is perpetual, and 

 in luch cafe the party hath no remedy but by writ of error 

 or attaint; but if a man is barred in a real aAion or judg- 

 ment, yet he may have an aclion of as high a nature, becaufe 

 it concerns his inheritance; as e.g. if he is barred in a 

 formcdon in defender, yet he may have z formedon in the re- 

 mainder, &c. 6 Rep. 7. It has been refolved, that a bar 

 in any aftion, real or perfonal, by judgment upon demurrer, 

 verdict or conftffion, is a bar to that adiion, or any aclion of 

 the like nature for ever; but, according to Pcmberton, chief 

 juftice, this is to be underilood, when it doth appear that the 

 evidence in one aftion would maintain the other; for other- 

 wife the court (hall intend that the party hath millakcn his 

 ailion. Skin. 57, 58. 



Bar to a common intent is good ; and if an executor be fued 

 for his teftator's debt, and he pleadeth that he had no 

 goods in his hands at the day when the writ was taken out 

 againfl him, this is a good bar to a common intendment, till it 

 is Ihewn there are goods; but if the plaintiffcan (hew, by way 

 of replication, that more poods have fallen into his handt 

 fince th?.t time, then, except the defendant allege a better 

 bar, he (hall be condemned in the aflion. Plowd. 26. 

 Kitch. 215. Bro. tit. .S<;r/-<:. Sec Plea.. 

 Bar of Dower. See Dowhb.. 



Bai, 



