BAR 



mans alio, in imitation of the Greeks, called all other peo- 

 ple, the Greek.3 excepted, barbarian ; and the compliment 

 was returned to them by the inhabitants of other nations. 

 Thus Ovid, who was conlidercd at Rome as a polidn-d 

 courtier, was treated in his exile as a barbarian by the Gelx, 

 who did not iindcrftand his language, which was the idiom 

 of Rome. 1'rilt. I. v. el. lo. v. 37. 



" Barbaras hie ego fum ; qnia non intclligor ulli : 

 Et rident (lohdi verba Latina Gctje." 



Under the lower empire, the appellation of barbarian be- 

 came almoll fynonymons with that of llranger or foreigner. 

 The Cnrgundians and Franks, who were cftablifhed in Gaul, 

 were there called barbarians ; and in Italy this name was 

 given to the Goths. The term was alfo applied by the 5 2d 

 canon of the African church to the inhabitants of thofe 

 provinces which had not fubmitted to the Roman empire ; 

 and the denomination is frequently extended by Gregory of 

 Tours, and alfo by other writers, lo Pagans as contradillin- 

 guifhed from Chrillians. 



B ARB ARI ANA, in Ancient G.^o^raphy, a town of Spain, 

 placed in the Anton. Itin. between Atiliana and Graccuris. 



BARBARIC Philosophy, comprehends that of all 

 ancient nations among whom the Gicck language was not 

 fpoken. It has long been a fubjeft of dil'pute, whether 

 philofophy firft appeared among the Barbarians or among 

 the Greeks. The inhabitants of Greece, who were at an 

 early period remarkable for literary imd philofophical vanity, 

 and who foon acquired the ufe of an artificial method of 

 philofophifing, were unwilling to allow that philofophy had 

 any exillence in other countries, except where it had been 

 borrowed from them. They could not perfuade themfelves, 

 that the mere communication of precepts of wifdom in the 

 fimple form of tradition, and in languages harlh and diifo- 

 nant compared with their own, could dcferve to be called 

 philofophifnig. On the other hand, the barbaric nations in 

 their turn treated the Greeks as barbarians, and looked upon 

 them as children in philofophy. Plato, in his Timceus, intro- 

 duces a barbarian as inlhuiiling the wife Solon, and faying, 

 " You Greeks are always children ; there is not an old man 

 amongll you ; you have no fuch thing as grey-headed wif- 

 dom." In this perfuafion they were the more confirmed, 

 when they underftood that the mod learned men, and the 

 moft ancient philofophers among the Greeks, had either 

 been Barbarians by birth, or inilrufted by Barbarians (fee 

 Clemen. Alex. Stromata, l.i. p. 302, 303.); that Pythago- 

 Ms, for example, was a Tui'can, Antiilhenes a Phrygian, 

 Orpheus a Thracian, Thales a Phenician ; and that Thales, 

 Pythagoras, Plato, and others, had derived their knowledge 

 from Chalda:an and Egyptian pric-lls. Many of the Chrif- 

 •tian fathers cfpoufed, in this dilpute, the caufe of the Bar- 

 barians, and maintained, with great vehemence, and wuh 

 all the learning they could command, that the Barbaric phi- 

 lofophy was the fountain of all tlie wifdom which had ap- 

 peared among the Greeks, except fo far as they had been 

 indebted, in the way of tradition, to divine revelation. This 

 difpute, however, was owing to the want of diftincl ideas, 

 and an accurate ufe of terms ; and can in reality be confi- 

 dcred as nothing more than a logomachy. For no one can 

 affert that the barbaric nations were wholly inattentive to 

 ■wifdom, or Ihangers to every kind of knowledge, human 

 or divine : and, on the other fide, it cannot be qneflioned, 

 that they acquired their knowledge rather by fimple reflec- 

 tion than by icientific invclligation, and that they tranfmit- 

 ted it to poiterity rather by tradition than by demonftration. 

 Whereas the Greeks, as loon as they began to be civilized, 

 dilcovered a general propenfity to inquiry, and adopted fci- 

 entific rules and methods of reafoning. Hence it is eafy to 



BAR 



perceive, that though the improvement of philofophy is to 

 be al'cribed to the Greeks, its origin is to be fought for 

 among the Barbaric nations. Tatian, in Proem. Clem. Alex. 

 Strom. 1. i. p. 302. Origen adv. Celfuni, 1. i. Beaufobre 

 Hill, du Manich. p. 2. l.i. c. 2. Scaliger Exerc. ii. contra 

 Cardan, p. 188. Bos Animadv. ad Script, c.ii. p. I2. Heu- 

 man. Ael. Phil. v. ii. p. 204. Hcurnii Ant. Phd. Barb. ed. 

 Lugd. Bat. i6co. 



The Barbaric philofophy, in the moft extenfive fcnfe of 

 the term, and in its reference to the ftate of philofophy, 

 from the earliell times to the decline of the Roman republic, 

 comprehends that of the eallern nations, includiiig the He- 



BREVVS, ChALDEAJIS, PtRSlANS, IsDIANS, ARABIANS, 



and Phemicians ; that of the fouthern nations, or Egyp- 

 tians and Ethiopians ; that of the weftern nations, to 

 which we may refer the Celts, the Etrurians, and the 

 Romans ; and that of the northern nations, inchiding the 

 northern Scythians, Thp.acians, Gv.tjV., &c. among 

 whom Abaris, Anacharfis, Toxaris, and Zamolxib, obtained 

 the praife of wifdom. See Brucker's Hill, of Pliilofophy by 

 Enfield, vol. i. Introduftion. 



BARBARICA, in Entomology, ?l fpccics of Buprestis, 

 found in Barbary. It is a fmall infeft ; colon.r above braffy, 

 beneath coppery ; wing-cafes very entire and Ilightly ftriated. 

 Fabricius. a 



Barbarica, a fpeciesof Chrysomela, of abrafTy-green, 

 wich five red lines on the wing-cafes ; wings fanguincous. 

 Inhabits Barbary. Sulzer. Gmelin. 



BARBARICARII, in Ani'iqmty, a kind of artifts, who, 

 with threads of divers colours, expreffed the figures of men, 

 animals, and other things ; or, as others defcribe them, 

 thofe whofe bufinefs was to gild and decorate fliields and 

 helmets with gold and filver. 



The barbicarii were fo called, becaufe they learned this 

 kind of painting from the Phrygians, who were particularly 

 denominated larharians, in regard of their oppofition to the 

 Greeks ; though the name is fometimes alfo written branha- 

 r'lcarn. 



Barbaricarii feem alfo to have been ufcd for foldiers or 

 officers, who wore malks and vizards thus adorned with 

 gold and filver. 



BARBARICUM, in Ancient Writers, is ufed for a mi- 

 litary (liout, raifed by the foldiers on point of engagement. 

 This is called barbaricnm from the barbarians, in whofe ar- 

 mies this method of (houting much obtained. The fame 

 appellation was given to a war or expedition undertaken 

 againll the barbarians. — " ^lorifque ad ipfum temptis quo bar- 

 bnricum extortum ejl inter tios 'isf vos." 



Barbaricum was alfo ufed for an armoury, or maga- 

 zine, wherein the Greek emperors kept the fpoils and do- 

 naries taken from the barbarians in the time of war or 

 peace. 



Barbaricum, in the JlTateria Mceliefi, is alfo an appella- 

 tion given by the modern Greeks to rhubarb. It is thus 

 called from the Sinus Bnrbarieus, by the way of which this 

 root was firft brought to them. 



BARBARICUS, in F.momoJogf, a fpecies of Cimex 

 [Reiiwoius), of a black colour; thorax and wing-cafes ob- 

 fcure ferruginous, and a little white line on the middle of 

 the fcuttllnm. A native ot Barbary. Gmelin. 



Barbaricus, in Ornithology, a fpecies of Rallus that 

 inhabits Barbai y. It is ferruginous, with a black bill ; 

 wings fpotted with white; rump white, ftreakedwith black; 

 white below; legs obfcure brown. Gmelin. This is the 

 Barbary rail of Latham. 



Barbaricus, a fpecies of Turdus, of a green colour, 

 with the bread fpotted with white; rump and tip of the 



tail 



