BAR 



to tlic crown, to v.liich it has ever fiiice vemaiucd annexed. 

 Swiiih. Tiavtls, vol. ii. p. i, &c. 



BARIANA, in Ancuiit Geography, a town of Afia, in 

 Mcfopotamia. Ptolemy. 



BARIARED, in G.-o^raphy, a town of Perfia, in the 

 pi-ovince of Kerman, 19 leagues S. W. of Sirgian. 



BARIEL.or Barnacle Po[NT,isthe fouth-eafternlimit 

 of Winthorp's bay on the noith-eaft coad of Antigua ifland, 

 and on the weft fide of the channel into Parham haihoiir. 



BARILLxA, or Barilha, is the term by which the 

 impure mineral alkali from the coads of Spain and fome 

 other parts of the Levant is known in commeice. That 

 from Alicant and the coafts of the province of Miircia \o. 

 the moft eileemed. It is brought over in the form of hard 

 brown fpeckled porous maiTcs almoft witliout fmell, and 

 tailing ftrongly alkaline. It is procured by burning toalhes 

 feveral plants growing on the fca-fhore of the fpecies of 

 Salfola and Kai't. For the paiticulays of this nianufadure, 

 fee the article Soda. The term Britijb larUla is alfo applied 

 fometiraes to Kelp, a much more impure foda, and fonie- 

 timcs, though improperly, \.o pearht/h, or the afhes of plants 

 containing /t./C,/?i, the vegetable alkali. 



BARILLARIUS, an ancient officer in monafleries and 

 great houlholds, who had the care of the caflisand veffels of 

 wine, &c. in the cellars. 



BARILLOVITZ, in Geo^raph, a town of Croatia, on 

 the river Korana, 10 miles fouth of Cariiladt. 



BARIN, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the province of 

 Natolia, 12 miles fouth of Amafiah. 



BARING or Trees, in Agrtculture. See Ablaque- 



ATION. 



BARJOLS, in Geography, a town of France, and prin- 

 cipal place of a diftritt in the department of the Var. The 

 town is populous, and fituated in a pleafant cotmtry ; 9 

 leagues north of Toulon. N. "iat. 43° 35'. E. long. 5''' 23'. 



i3ARIQUISEMETO, a river of North America, in 

 the country of Terra Firma, .which runs into the Oroo- 

 noko. 



BARISSOGLEBSK, or Borissoglebsk, a town 

 nev.ly erefttd by Catharine II. in the province of Yaroflaf, 

 is fituate on the Volga, 57° 39' lat. 57° 9' longit. has 4 

 brick, and 417 wooden houfes. 2076 inhabitants, and a 

 brick church. The trade of this town confifts in the pro- 

 duce of the fifhery and feveral manufadlories of hardware, 

 chiefly pots and kettles. The home and foreign trade to- 

 gether amount nearly to 60,000 rubles. There is alfo a fmall 

 town of the fame name, fituate 59° 50' lat. and 60° longit. 

 on the Khoper, in the government of Tanibof, confiding 

 of 4C0 timber-houfes, and 894 male inhabitants, feveral of 

 whom are (hop-keepers. It has two timber churches. The 

 merchants a few years fince inlcribed themfelves in the re- 

 gifters as pofleding a capital of only 13,126 rubles. Here 

 is a confiderable diilillery. 



BARITONO, in Mijic, a voice of low pitch, between 

 a tenor and bafe. The term is formed of two Greek words 

 vTczjvj, grwoe, and Totoi, tone. But thofe who are not partial 

 to bafe voices, rather choofe to derive the word from the 

 italian verb bar'ire, to bray. 



BARK, in Vegetnhk Anatomy, is a term by which is com- 

 monly undcrftood the exterior part of vegetable bodies ; 

 which is feparable from the other parts of the plant without 

 much difficulty, during the feafon of vegetation ; but at other 

 periods re<juire3 maceration in water, or boiling, and when 

 iietached by any of thefe means, the finer connexions which 

 unite it to the wood are neceiTLsrily deftroved. 



When bark is thus feparatcd, and fubjecled to microfco- 

 pic examination, it exhibits parts differing much in flruclure 

 and ufe. Thefe have been divided bv anatomilh into the 



BAR 



rphttrimt or eul'ulc, the cellular envelope nr farfneirma, and 

 the corliral layers anil I'll/er. 



The Eptdermh is fituated moft externally, and gives a co- 

 verlng to every part of the vegetable body, except the an- 

 thers and pillili of flowers. Its texture is varied not only ac- 

 cording to the fpecies of plant to which it belongs, but alfo by 

 the different parts of the fame plant ; thus, it ii ftrong, dry, 

 and unyielding, upon the roots and trunks of trees ; com- 

 monly fmooth, gloffy, and flexile upon leaves and flowers ; 

 and fometimcs it is villous, or covered with fincprojefting pro- 

 ceffes like hairs. 



The moft ufual colour exhibited by the epidermis is that 

 of green upon the younger branches, and an afli colour up- 

 on thofe parts of the plants which are moll aged ; it is how- 

 ever white and fhining in the birch, red and filverv- in tlie 

 cherry-tree, Kiid brown upon the horfc-chcfnut and apple-tree 

 &c. The epidermis is notwitlillanding, in all cafes, a tranf- 

 parent membrane, and derives its colour from the fubftance 

 which is placed immediately behind it, in the fame manner 

 as the colour of the ikin of animals is produced by the exill- 

 ence of the mucous membrane. 



In order to examine the epidermis of vegetables with fuc- 

 cefs, it is neceffary to detach it from the cellular tiffue, upon 

 which it is immediately applied. This is not difficult to per- 

 form, when the plant is full of fap, at which time the epi- 

 dermis may be removed by a fine knife or lancet ; but at 

 other periods it niuft be fubmitted to a previous maceration 

 in water before it will feparate. When a portion of the vege- 

 table cuticle is thus obtained, it fhculd be infpefttd under 

 water or fpirits, and if viewed with a lens of moderate 

 power, it exhibits the appearance of a plexus or net-v, ork, of 

 which the mefltes are not vacant, but filled by a fine pellu- 

 cid membrane, as may be feen in Fig. I. of Plate I. in Ve- 

 getable Anatomy ; artd the fibres compofing the reticulation ap- 

 pear more condenfed in fome places than others, as rcpre. 

 fented by the letters a a. Hill defcribcs the cuticle of plants 

 as a triple membrane, or three plexufes laid the one upon the 

 other. He obfcrved, by employing high m.agnifying pow- 

 ers, that thefe plexufes were of regular forms ; that what 

 appeared as fibres in the perpendicular dirtftion were longi- 

 tudinal veffels, and the fpaces left between thefe veffels were 

 oblong cells, clofe at their bottom, but open at the top ; and 

 that the junftion of the cells occafioned the appearance of 

 tranfverfe lines ; and thus the reticulation was rendered com- 

 plete. He even profeffed to have injected thofe veffcls, by 

 procuring an abforption of a folution of the ccniffa acetata, 

 or fugar of lead, and afterwards making it vifible by adding 

 a mixture of- lime and orpiment ; and in other inftanccs he 

 filled the longitudinal veffels by the abfcrption of the' tinc- 

 ture of cochineal. The dclcription, which has been given 

 of the epidermis by Hill, does not appear, however, to de- 

 ferve much attention, as it differs fo much from that of 

 other writers. It is indeed true, that Du Hamci and other* 

 have oblerved a fecond epidermis under the firft, which ap- 

 peared more green, frefti, and fucculent ; and that on thofe 

 trees which frequently caft the cuticle, as the birch, cherry- 

 tree, &c. there is a fucccflion of layers ; but this docs not 

 prove that the epidermis is not a fingle membrane when firft 

 formed, and that where there are more layers than one, each 

 is a perfeft cuticle, proceeding in its turn to he exfoHated 

 or caft off. This mods of reparation refehibles what takes 

 place in animals.efpecially in feme reptiles, which havethe new 

 cuticle perfcftly formed, before the old one is parted with. 

 Upon the trunks of moft trees which are dicotyledons, the 

 fucceffive layers of epidermis continue to adhere together ; 

 each of thefe cracks and gives way as the tree increafts in 

 thicknefs, and hence the deep clefts v^hich always appear 

 in the bark of trees of any age. The feveral laaiiaae, which 

 4 L 2 are 



