BAR 



alfo differs in proportion as it is beaten, snd the feveral 

 cloths differ alio from one another in confequence of the 

 different materials of wliich they are made. The bark of 

 the bread-fruit is not taken till the trees are confidera- 

 bly longer and thicker than thofe of the mulberry ; the 

 procefs afterwards is the iVme. Of the bark of a tree 

 which they call " potroii," the " hibifcus tiliacens" of 

 Linnaeus, they mamifadtute excellent matting ; both a 

 coarfe fort on which they fleep, and a finer which they 

 wear in wet weather. Of the fame bark they alfo make 

 ropes and lines, from the thicknefi of an inch to the fize of 

 a fmal! packthread. 



Bark ImVtan, Thiins cortex, a medical bark, brought 

 from the Eatt, rolled up like cinnamon, of a rulty colour, 

 a warm aromatic, bitter tafte, and pleafant fmell ; fometimes 

 ufed in fumigation a-jainft fits of the mother. 



Bakk-3'Ms. See Mill. 



Bark, Grafting in. See Engrafting. 



Bark, in N^avigat'ion, denotes a little veffel for the fta, 

 ufually with pointed ortriangular fails, in number tu-o, orthrec 

 at the moll. The term ia ufually appropriated by fcamen 

 to thofe fmall ihips which carry three mails without a 

 mizen top-fail. Our northern mariners in the coal-trade, 

 apply the term to a broad-fterned fliip, which carries no 

 ornamental figure on the ilcrn or prow. Bark is alfo 

 a Mediterranean veffel, with three mafls and no bow- 

 fprit ; the foremoft rakes much forward and carries a lat- 

 teen fail ; the main-mail is a pole-mail, and carries three 

 fquare fails, like the polacre ; the mizen-maft is fmall 

 and carries a m.izen snd a top-fail. Fifliing-baiks are 

 fmall veffels with one mall, ufed for fifhing, &c. by the 

 Spaniards : on the mail they carry a fquare main-fail, with 

 a jib upon the bowfprit. Japanefe barks are veffels ilmilar 

 to junks, 80 or 90 feet long on one deck, which have only 

 one mall, that carries a fquare-fail, and forward one or two 

 jibs made of cotton. They only ufe fails, when the wind is 

 large. Barks of Cracaloa and (traits of Sunda are veffels with 

 flufh-decks, high flieei-, and lliarp forward. They have one 

 iBail, and the fail is fimilar to the Caracores, being long and 

 narrow. Thtfe veffels are kept from upfctting by a fort of 

 beams croffmg the veffel and bending dovs'nwards at the 

 ends, which fallen to a long round or flat piece of tim- 

 ber. Bombay-barks are called Din GAS. See Plates of 

 Ships. 



The word Bark is derived by feme from the Latin bnrca ; 

 by Founiier, from Barce, a city in Africa ; and by Tolena- 

 tus, from Barcelona. 



Some authors ufe the word bark for any veffel that has 

 BO malls. 



Bark, Armed, a kind of fire-fliip filled with foldiers, 

 tifed both for making fallies, and to attack galleries, and 

 bar the paffage over them. 



Bark, Long, is a fmall veffel without deck, longer and 

 lower than the common barks, being fliarp before, and 

 commonly going both with fails and oars. It is built after 

 the manner of a floop, and in many places is called a iloubk 

 Jloap. 



Barks, Water, are little veffels ufed in Holland for the 

 carriage of frelh-water to places where it is wanting, as well 

 as for the fetching fea-water to make fait of. They have 

 a deck, and are filled with water up to the deck. 



Bark-^i"^, in Gardening, t!>at fort of hot-bed which is 

 either wholly or principally conilituted of tanner's bark. 

 This fort of bed, from its preferving the mofl uniform and 

 regular degrees of heat, is found by much the moll ufeful 

 in the propagation and culture of all kinds of tender exotic 



BAR 



plants that arc brought from warm climates, .md which 

 ftand in netd of the continued affillance of artificial heat in 

 this part of the world. Beds of this nature, with a little 

 trouble in the management of them, are found fometimes to 

 fupport a pretty uniform and regular temperature for a con- 

 fiderable length of time. 



Thefe are the kind of hot-beds that are generally em- 

 ployed in hot-houfes, being formed in pits or cavities con- 

 flruded. for the purpofe in them, frequently the whole 

 length of the houfes, fix or fcven feet in width, and three 

 in depth, being inclofcd by means of brick work. See 

 Bark-Pit. 



In thefe beds, the pots of fuch tender exotics as have 

 been mentioned, are plunged and fupported ; and they at 

 the fame time afford affillance in fnpplying fuch houfts or 

 ftoves with thofe degrees of heat that may be proper for 

 the growth and fupport of various other plants that do 

 not require to be plunged into the beds, the heat of the 

 furounding air, produced in this way, being fufHcient for 

 their growth and preftrvation. Thus, by the aid of 

 bark-heat, and that of fire during the feverity of the 

 winter feafon, the gardener is enabled to imitate, within 

 the hot-houfe, the temperature of diftant climates, and not 

 only ta cultivate and bring to perfeftion the Bromel'ia 

 Ananas, or pine-apple, but alfo various other tender plants 

 from different quarters of the globe, both of the herbaeeon* 

 and woody kinds, and to exhibit them in theic moll healthy 

 and beautiful dates in this country. 



Bark hot-beds are likewife occafionally foiTned in pits 

 conilruCted for them, in the open ground, feparately and de- 

 tached from the hot-houfe. Thefe are walled round with 

 bricks chiefly above the furface of the ground, havi.ig a 

 frame or coping of wood upon the top on which glafs light* 

 are fixed fo as to (lide with faciUty. See Bark-Pit. 



In thefe pits the bark-beds are made to the depth of 

 three feet or more, in order to afford an uniform and lalling 

 heat, for the purpofe of raifing andpropagating different forts 

 of tender plants from feeds, fuckers, layers, cutimgs, &c. 

 both of the ftove and green-houfe kinds, as well as thofe of 

 thi natural ground. Such beds are of courfe of great 

 utility where ti.ere are large colleiftions of tender exotic 

 plants, and as nurferj'-pits for young pine-apple plants to 

 fupply the ftove or pinery annually. See Stove. 



Beds formed of bark are alfo employed with fuccefs in 

 raifing various forts of early produclions of other kinds, 

 as early llrawberries, melons, peas, French beans, &c. 

 which by the regular and moderate heat which they afford 

 arc mollly brought forward in the greatell perfeftion. 

 They are likewife made ufe of in forcing different forts 

 of curious flowers, both of the bnlbofe, tuberofe, and 

 and fibrous rooted kinds, into early bloom ; as hvacinths, 

 dwarf tulips, narciffus, jonquils, anemones, ranunculufes, 

 pinks, &c. alfo many flowering plants of the fmaU fhrubby 

 kind, as rofes, hypericums, &c. 



Bark-beds are alfo employed with great advantage in 

 forcing fram.es for the purpofe of producing eariy fruit of 

 the apricot, peach and grape kinds. See Forcing'Frames, 

 and Hot-Walls. 



Hot-beds conilituted of bark from the (low and regular 

 manner in which the heat is in common evolved, are not fo 

 hable, as thofe of dung, to injure the plants by their fleam ; 

 they are tiierefore to be preferred for all the more important 

 purpofes of forcing where the material can be obtained. 



The heat of them may be perpetuated for a great length 

 of time, by having recourfe occafionally to the praclice of 

 forkmg or turning them over, adding in fuch operations 

 about a third part of new tan or bark. The beds are how- 

 ever 



I 



