BAR* 



fiderably extended pits, a double fire-place may be formed in 

 the middle, behind, or one at each end, either endways or 

 in the back part, as may be thought the moll convenient. 



Some detached pits are formed of wood-work oniv, by 

 means of poll and planking, ferviiig for particular occafions, 

 where no fire heat is required, as flues for that purpofe 

 cannot be admitted in luch kinds of pits; where ad- 

 ditional heat is occafionally neceiTaiy, in fueh pits, it is ef- 

 fected by applying a ftrong lining of hot dung to the out- 

 fides; by whicli a good conftant heat maybe fnpported. 

 In thefe bark-pits, Sometimes the younger pine-appie plants 

 are dcpofited and nurfed for the firft year; they are likewilt 

 occafionally ufed for the purpofes of propagatino;, raifing, and 

 nurfing tender plants in fpring and fummer, &c. ; alifo for 

 forcing early efciilent crops, flowers, Sic. 



The principal detached bark-pits fliould, ho'.vtver, be 

 fjrmed with brick-work walls; as bting the moil eifedlual 

 for general ufe, and of the greateft duration. 



Aljig. I. Plate I. in Gjrden}ii<^, is the reprefentation of a 

 bed or pit of the moft common kind, which may be made 

 ufe of either with bark or dung. 



Fig. 2. exhibits a view of a bark pit upon a larger fcale. 



Fig. 3. is the plan and fection of two nurfing pits, as given 

 by Mr. Nicol in the " Scotch Forcing Gardener," adapted 

 equally to the purpofe of ftriking young pine plants, and 

 the forcing of afparagus, cucumbers, melons, itrawberries, 

 French-beans, fallads, flowers, &c. In the plan they appear 

 confiderably lunk below the groundl^vcl for the convenience 

 of (hifting. But in wet fit nations this fliould not be the 

 cafe, but a bank of earth raifed againft them in a Hoping 

 direiSion all round, as by this contrivance the front flues 

 may be ufeful in raifing early fallads, by having the front 

 borders properly prepared. The furnaces are placed behind 

 communicating firft with the front flues, but returning in 

 the back fingly. The furface of the bark-Ltd is level with 

 the bottom of the flues all round, to prevent the danger of 

 burning; and at the difiance of tvio feet from the wall of 

 the pit. The inner wall of the flue is formed a brick on 

 edge, and the outer one a bnck in bed, for the purpofe of 

 ftrength. The diviiiuns of the plan are only each thirty feet 

 in length, but they may be extended to forty, and be 

 wrought by the fame furnaces. 



One length of fafli is fuflicient, as they are worked in the 

 manner of the common hot-bed, having faltenings at top to 

 prevent their flipping down. 



Fig. 4. is the plan and fection of a fiiigle pittel^ pine (love, 

 on an improved conilruftion, as furnifhed by the fame author, 

 for a fruiting or fuccefllon houfe. It is v.Tought by tv.-o 

 fires, having a Ihed behind it which may be converted to 

 various ufes. 



Tiie bottom of the bark -bed is level with the furface of 

 the ground, but the furface much elevated, that the fun and 

 light may be admitted more freely to the plants. 



Trellifcs for vines may be placed agauilt the brick- wall 

 and upright fafhes in front. 



Two lengths of fallies are here neceflary in the roof. 

 The under ones fliould be made to move either up or 

 down. 



Fig. 5. is a bark-pit for fucceflion pine-apple plants. 



BARKARY denotes a tan-houfe, or place to keep bark 

 in, efpecially for tanners. 



It is otherwife called a heath-houfe in old writers. 



BARKING of Trees, in Rural Economy, the operation of 

 flripping off the bar"k or rind, which, when taken from fome 

 kinds of trees, as the oak, elm, &c. is made ufe of by the 

 tanners, and of courfe becomes an article of profit to the 

 proprietor. 



BAR 



_ It is the moft ufual in this climate to perform the opera- 

 tion in the month of May, as, at that feafon, the bark, by 

 the fifing of the fap in great quantity, is the mod eafily 

 feparated from the wood. This, however, renders it nectf- 

 fary to fell the trees in that month; by which the timber is 

 of much kfs value than it would be if they were cut down 

 after the falling of the leaf. 



It is remarked by Dr. Uanvin, in his " Phytologia," that 

 as the fap-juice rifes in all deciduous trees during the vernal 

 months to expand their foliage, though probably in greater 

 quantity in fome trees than in others; it mufl: confift, not 

 only of fugar and mucilage, as in the maple and birch, but 

 of various other ingredients in different trees, which have not 

 been attended to; as appears from the tafte of their young 

 leaves, as of oak or afli. And as fome of thtfe materials re- 

 fide in the roots and fap-wood, or alburnum, fo others of 

 them may perhaps refide in the bark, where they have been 

 depofittd during the preceding fummer, and become liquefied 

 by the warmth of the fpring, or diflblved by the moillure 

 abforbed from t!ie earth and air, and convtyed upwards to 

 the opening buds; whence it is evident, he thinks, that the 

 barks of trees fliould be taken off for ufe in winter, or in 

 eariy fpring, before their buds begin to expand; as then a 

 part of thefe nutritions juices, or of the other materials 

 which are required for medicines, or in the arts of' dyeing 

 and tanning, are in part expended on the young leaves, which 

 generally poflefs the talle and qualities of the bark, though 

 in a leli degree. It may neverthelefs be obferved, he fays, 

 that all theie aftringent or other materials may refide in the 

 albunmm of the trunk or roots of all perennial vegetables, as 

 well as in their barks; becaufe the young leaves, vhich 

 pullulate on decorticated oaks, have the fame bitter flavour 

 as the leaves on thofe which have not been decorticated ; 

 which may in part be derived from the bark of the root, 

 which is (lill in the gi-ound, and be carried up the veifels of 

 the fap-wood to the new buds. Hence the bark of oak- 

 trees fliould be taken oif during the winter; but when the 

 fap juice, refidiiig or afcending in the veflfels of the al- 

 burnum, becomes more liquefied by the warinth of the 

 fp""gr> oi" is mixed with moillure, and puflied up with great 

 force by the abforber.t veflels of the roots, it oozes out in 

 fome degree between the alburnum and the bark ; and thus 

 the bark becomes fo much more readily feparated frcm the 

 fap-wood; whence this bufincis, as has been already ob- 

 ferved, is generally done early in the fpring, and (hould 

 always be performed as foon a? -his facility of dclraiSing the 

 bark appears ; becaufe this procefs of the gtrminatiGn of tlie 

 buds continues to injure the bark, whether the tree be cut 

 down ornot; as the buds expand their foliage on new felled, 

 trees, as they lie on the ground. 



It is obferved by Mr. Marfnall, in his " Rural Economy 

 of Yoikfliire," that the peeling cf oak timber in tiiat 

 country is generally done by the day, the labourers being, 

 he beheves, invariably employed by the timber-merchant, 

 not by the tanner; practices which are, he conceives, pro- 

 dudtive of a confiderable laving of bark. Men, fays he, 

 working by the ton or quarter, or tanners paying by weight 

 or meafure, will not induce them to peel the boughs fulEeicnily 

 near ; as it is againll their intcrcit to do it. But it is the in- 

 tereil of the timber-merchant, or of the tanner, if he pur- 

 chafes by the grofs, or by the ton of timber, to peel fo far 

 or fo long as th.e bark will pay for the labour. This, he 

 thinks, accounts for the fmallnefs of the twigs which are 

 peeled in that county ; if the bark run freely, twigs not 

 much thicker liian the finger are frequently llripped of their 

 bnrk. 



The tool commonly made ufe of for this pnrpofe in molt 



countries} 



