BAR 



BAR 



eonntiics, is maue citln.r of bone or iron. If of the former, 

 the thigh or flii'-boiie of an afs is preferred, which is formed 

 into a two-hantic J inllriiment for the ftcm and larger boughs, 

 with a handle oi wood iixed at the end. The edge once 

 given by the grinding-ftone, or rafp, keeps itfclf fliarp 

 by the wear that afterwards takes place in the operation. 



The method of drying bark in the above country is gene- 

 rally the common one of fcttiug it in a leaning poHure againil 

 poles lying horizontally on forked flakes. But in a wet 

 feafon, or when the ground is naturally moid, it is la'dacrofs 

 a line of top-wood, formed into a kind of banklet, raifmg the 

 bark about a foot from the ground. By tliis practice no 

 part of the bark is fuffcred to touch the earth, and it is per- 

 haps, upon the whole, the beit practice in all feafons and fitu- 

 ations. The bark is then put in Hacks or houfes, and ge- 

 nerally (liaved or chopped ready for the tan-pit, and after- 

 wards fold to the tanner at fo mnch the quartej". This 

 cuftom, however, appears to be founded on a falfe bafis; the 

 tanner is the belt judge of the mode of preparation, and the 

 operation ought, therefore, to pafs under liis immediate in- 

 fpeftion. 



The practice of grinding bark does not feeni to have yet 

 got fufficient footing in the diftrift mentioned above; when- 

 ever it does, Mr. Marlliall obferves, it will of courfe bring the 

 preparation of it into its proper channel. 



The price of chopped bark varies conhderably, according 

 to the quality and the circnmllances under which it is placed. 



Malicionfly barking of apple-trees, or other fruit trees, is 

 made felony by 37 Hen. VIII. c.6. 



By the French laws, all dealers are forbid to bark their 

 ■wood while growing, on the penalty of 500 livres. This 

 law was the refult of ignorance; it beimr newfound, that 

 barking of trees, and lettnig them die, increafes the force of 

 timber. 



Barking is alfo a name given to the cry of dogs and 

 foxes. 



The term is alfo applied to certain quaint noifes, made by 

 fick perfons in fomc difeafes. 



In cynic fpafms, and epileptic fits, the patient fometimes 

 fnarls, howls, and barks, witii all the notes of a dog. But 

 it is in the hydrophobia that barking has been ofleneft ob- 

 ferved; perfons feized with this, are apt to rave, bite, fnarl, 

 and make a harfh noife in their throats, which is called 



barking Vide Phil. Tranf. N° 280. N'' 323. N° 207. and 



N° 242. 



Barking, in Geography, a market town in the county 

 of EfTex, feven miles from London, is fo called from a 

 creek on which it is filuated. The town is of confiderable 

 extent, and chiefly inhabited by fifhcrmen, from whom the 

 fi(h-markets of London are frequently fupplied. The 

 parifli is divided into the four wards of Barking, Great II- 

 ford, Chadwell, and Ripplcward, abounding with fertile 

 lands and beautiful profpefts. It was to this place that 

 William the Conqueror retired, fliortly after his coronation, 

 till he had eredled fueh caftles in London as might awe the 

 people whom he governed ; and here the great barons Ed- 

 win and Morcar came and fwore fealty. Very lately the 

 remains of an intrenchment were vifible at this place ; but 

 the plough has nearly obliterated the whole. Much land in 

 the parifh has been recovered from the rivers Thames and Ro- 

 iling. The fecond nunnery of the Saxons was founded at 

 Barking by Erkinwald, fourth biihop of London, in 666, for 

 BenediAines ; the bifhop placing his fifter Ethelburga (after- 

 wards canonized) as the firft abbefs. She was conilituted 

 lady paramount in all the manors within the half hundred of 

 Bccontice, and held of the king an entire barony, a privi- 

 lege granted to only three other religious foundations in 



EnghnQ, hofe of Vv^ilton, Shaftc/bun', and Winchefter. 

 At the diflblution, the revenues of Barking abbey were 

 eftimated at 862I. 12s. 5 Id. A gateway and a great 

 part of the wall of this magnificent ilrudlurc Hill remain 

 adjoining the church-yard. In the townfiiip of Great ]1- 

 ford is an ancient hofpital for lepers. The parifh church is 

 a larjc handfome ilructure, which formerly belonged to the 

 abbey, but is now in the gift of the warden and fellows of 

 All Souls college, Oxford. 



The market is held on Saturda)', and a fair on Oftober 22d 

 for horfes ; another fair is held yearly on and rour.d a famous 

 oak denominated Fcirlop, concerning which the following 

 fummary may be acceptable. Many years fince, Mr. John 

 Day, a worthy but whimfical charadter in Wapping, ufed 

 annually to dine with his friends on beans and bacon under 

 the Ihade of this famous oak ; hence arofe the fair. Fair- 

 lop oah has fuftained its dignity in the forcft of Hainault 

 for many centuries, and though it has very materially fut- 

 fered. Hill maintains a majeftic appearance pecuhar to itleif. 

 About a yard from the grouicd, where its rough fluted fteni 

 is tliirty-fix feet in ciicumferenet, it divides into eleven vail 

 arms, not in the horizontal manner of the oak, but ratlicr 

 in that of the beech. The fair held beneath its (hade, which 

 overfpreads an area of 300 feet in circuit, has been inju- 

 rious to the parent ftem, by means of fires which the vifilors 

 have occafionally kindled in the cavities formed by the de- 

 cayed roots of the tree. Mr. Forfyth's compofition, how- 

 ever, has in fome degree remedied the decay ; and a clofe 

 fence five feet high, with a board on which is painted, "AH 

 good forefters are requefled not to hurt this old tree, a 

 plaiftcr having been lately applied to his wounds," will, it 

 IS hoped, prtferve Fairlop oak from further dcllrrftion. 



BARKOW, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 

 Braclaw ; 48 miles W. N. W. from Braclaw. 



BAllKU, a village of Africa, in the country of Agon- 

 na, where the Dutch have a fort. See Agonna. Lhlk 

 Barlu lies about a league and a half from the former. 



BARKWAY, a populous and flourilhing village of 

 Hertfordfiiirc, in England, is fituated in the hundred of 

 Edvvinftree, 3 miles from Royfton, 19 from Cambridge, and 

 34 north trom London. This is a confiderable thorough- 

 fare in the road to Lynn, and has feveral good inns. At 

 the time of the conqneil, the lands here were divided be- 

 tween four great lords into as many manors. 



Barkway was anciently a market town, privileged by 

 Edw. I. to keep a market on Tuefday, and an annual 

 fair for fix days. The market was altered in the reign of 

 Elizabeth to Friday, and at lalt difcontinued on account of 

 its proximity to Royllon. The church is a handfome fpa- 

 cious building, and the vicarage is in the gift of the Cheiter 

 family ; within the building are feveral fine monunients and 

 fome curious painted glafs. This village was greatly da- 

 maged by fire in 1748. Its houl'es amount to 147, and its 

 inhabitants to 699. 



BARLAAM, in Biography, a learned monk of St. Ba- 

 fil, flourifiied in the fourteenth century, and was born at 

 Seminara in Calabria. Having in his youth vifited Greece 

 for the pnrpole of learning the Greek language, he fettled 

 at Conllantinople in 1327, where he obtained by his cxtch- 

 five erudition the favour of the emperor Andronicus the 

 younger, and alfo that of his confidential domeftic John 

 Cantacuzene, in whofe houfc he refided. He was employed 

 in teaching the languages and belies kttrts ; and in 1^31, 

 was made abbot of the monaftery of the Holy Ghoft. Bar- 

 laam is dcfcribed by Petrarch and Boccace as a man of a di- 

 minutive flature, though eminent for his learning and genius ; 

 of a piercing difccrnment, though of a flow and painful 



elocution'. 



