BAR 



BAR 



ITie laft fowing, as obferved above, was entirely dtftroyed 

 by the rooks ; he believes it had not been fown more than 

 three days before they began to fcrape and pick it up, and 

 completely devoured it. It was the fame with the very 

 early fowings, but that he expected, and was guarded 

 againll. It mav however ferve he thinks, as a leflbn to 

 young farmers, that although early fowing may in mod 

 cafes be profitable, yet it wiil not anfwcr in large open 

 fields, where the lands are intermixed, unlcfs neighbours fo«' 

 at the fame time ; for, if only one farmer fovvs early, he 

 Biull have as many keepers as he has pieces of land. 

 The barley of all the fowings was of the Zealand (lock. 

 On the fame piece of land on which he tried the above 

 experiments, which was a deep fand, value about fix 

 or feven {hillings per acre, he tried two others, one about 

 ten years fince, with chalk from different pits, fome 

 of which was a dry chalk, and others greafy ; he carried 

 only one load of each fort, and laid it about the 

 thicknefs of feventy loads to an acre. Neither of them did 

 the leaft good, for he could not tell by any of the crops 

 fince, without looking at the foil, where they were laid. 

 The other was by deep ploughing, in the autumn of 1785, 

 when he fowcd part of the piece with wheat, by going with 

 a fecond plough after the firll for one iteatch only, and 

 raifmg about three or four inches of foil that had never been 

 turned up before ; on viewing it about midfum.mer he could 

 not find where it was by anv apparent difference in the 

 crop, nor could he fee that the barley fown in January- was 

 the beft crop. By the fame rule, when he began to try the 

 experiment before, that fov.n in February was the beft, and 

 it appeared fo on view, he remembers, all the fummer. 



The quantity of feed barley allowed to the acre varies very 

 much ; and depends not only on the quality of the land and 

 the feafon, but on what was the preceding crop, and alfo on 

 the condition of the land for receiving the feed. When bar- 

 icy fuccecds turnips, the land being then in the beft fiate 

 for the feed, a lefs quantity is necefiary than if it were to be 

 fown after t'.vo or tliree fucceffive white corn crops. The 

 iifual allowance to the acre is from three buflicls and a half 

 to five ; but fourbuthels and a peck may be confidercd as the 

 general average, fo large a quantity as five budiels being 

 never fown but on lands exhaulttd and worn out by impro- 

 per cropping. 



Mr. Middleton remarks (in his Survey of Middkfex) that 

 early fowing requires lefs leed than late ; but on a medium 

 foil in proper condition, fown broad-caft, in March three 

 and a half, in April four, and in May four and a half 

 bulliels per acre are fufficient. A rich foil makes fuch 

 a great difference, that it can hardly be fown too thin ; even 

 one bulliel and a half early fown, has produced as much as 

 could Rand ; whereas had three or four biilhels been fown, 

 the crop would have been lodged, and of a very reduced value. 



It is obfcrved by Mr. Doualdfon, that if a llatcment of 



the average returns of barley by the acre was confined to 

 England and the fouth of Scotland, it might be rated at 

 thirty-two bufhels ; but when Wales and the north of 

 Scotland are included, where, owing to the imperfecl modes 

 of culture ftill pratlifcd, the crops are vcr)- indifferent, 

 the general average over the whole will not probably ex- 

 ceed twenty-eight buflicls the acre. The antl-.or of the 

 Agricultural Report of Middiefex ftates it as varying in 

 England from fifteen to feventy-five builiels per acre. 

 The average produce of the county of Middiefex, he 

 fays, is about four quarters of corn and two loads of 

 llraw per acre. The llraw ufually fells at about a gui- 

 nea a load delivered in, which, witli chaff and thin grain, 

 is equal to one fhilling and fijcpence per bulhel on the 

 corn ; and as the corn has averaged three (hillings, together 

 they produce four fiiillings and fix-pence per buftKl, or 

 fevcn pounds four fhiilings per acre. 



The ultimate dcftination of barley to be converted into 

 beer and fpirits, he fays, raifes the value of this crop to 

 more, money per acre than that of any other grain. For 

 after the farmer has difpofed of it, the maltfler, brewer, 

 diitiller, reftifier, and vittualler, fucceffivtly diaw the 

 wages of labour and profit from it before it comes to 

 the confumer. Including a revenue of five miUions and 

 one quarter a year, which it nets to government, but 

 which cofts the fubjeft between fix and feven millions, 

 its entire expence to the confumer at this time is not 

 lets than thirty pounds an acre. He uiiderftands that poi • 

 ter is brewed in the ratio of 162 gallons from one quarter 

 of malt ; and is fold by the retailer after the rate of one 

 fhilling and two-pencc per gallon, which produces nine 

 pounds nine fhiilings ; dcduft the value of the hops, and 

 there remains upwards of a guinea a bufhel for the malt, or 

 full thirty pounds an acre. In the article of fpirits, he 

 thinks, it muft neceffarily yield much more. According to 

 Mr. Donaldfon, barley is applied to various ufes. In Wales, 

 Weflmoreland, Cumberland, and in the north, as well as in 

 feveral parts of the well of Scotland, the bread ufed by the 

 great body of the inhabitants is made chiefly from barley. 

 Large quantities of the barley cultivated in England are 

 converted into beer, ale, porter, and what is called Britifh 

 fpirits, as Euglifh gin, Englifli brandy, &:c. The remainder, 

 beyond what is neceffaiy for feed, is made into meal, and 

 partly confumed in bread by the inhabitants of the above 

 diftritts, and partly employed for the purpofe of fattening 

 black-cattle, hogs, and poultry. There is a much greater 

 fhare of the Scotch barley confumed in dillillation m pro- 

 portion to the quantity cultivated, than there is in England. 

 Exclufive of what is ufed for feed, the Scotch barley is 

 either converted iiito beer or ale ; or made into pot barley, 

 or into meal, for tlie ufe of the inhabitants in the more re- 

 mote and lefs cultivated parts of the kingdom ; or, laflly, in- 

 to whilkey. 



In the Report of Middiefex it is alfo ftated, that much 

 of the moft ordinar)' barley is given to poultry ; the rell is 

 fold to the maltfa'rs, except fo mucli as is referved for 

 feed. 



In refpecl to pearl barley it is obferved, that a mill to 

 manufacture it cofls about twenty pounds. A ton, or 163 

 (lone, of pearl barley fells for twenty three pounds, wliich is 

 rather under three fhiilings a llor.e, or thirteen fhiilings and 

 four-pence a bufi.el. T\venty-thrce Hone and a half of 

 common barley produces five (lone and a half of pearl bar- 

 ley by the cummon method of manufa£lurii!g it ; but by an 

 addition to the mill, which would oiil) coll two pounds, the 

 barley corn would be fplit, and then the fame quantity 

 would vicld nine ilone of pearl barley. This is ilatcd ou 

 4 N ; the 



