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That the Romans, who enjoyed domiiiiuii in onr idand 

 near four hundred years, had their baths, is evident from tiie 

 frequent ruins of them which are found ; and louie in- 

 ftances occur wlicre tlie buiklers had undoubtedly the thcr- 

 mx of their parent country in view. At Hovingham in the 

 north riding of Yorklhire, 1745. a Roman bath was 

 difcovered, which had its fudaria and vaporarium 

 (Camden, ed. 17R9, iii. 85.) ; and ten years after, in tak- 

 ing down the abbey lioufe "t Bath, to build a new fet of 

 baths called the duke of Kingilon's, the workmen found 

 remains of very noble lloman baths and fudatories, whofe 

 fprings and drains were made ufe of for the prefent baths. 

 The plan and elevation of them were engraved by Mr. 

 Gough. (Ibid. i. 79.) 



Nor while mentioning the ancient baths in England, muft 

 we forget one inllance wliere a magnificent building of the 

 kind occurs among the monaftic conveniences of the middle 

 ages. Hugh, the facrill of the monaftery of Bury, we are 

 told, carl) in the twelfth century finirtied the aulam hofpitum 

 and balneatorium of his honfe ; and Sampfon, who was 

 elefted abbot in l 1S2, appears to have completed the latter 

 edifice upon a fcale, for thofe times, peculiarly grand. 

 (Aquxdudtum et aquam per rivulos derivatam et lavatoria 

 opere mirifico et magritudme miranda confummavit.) See 

 Iceland, Itin. vol. iv. App. 



But it mull be owned, that in fpiie of all the advantages de- 

 rived from the habitual ufe of baths with refpett to health and 

 cleanlintfs, the moderns have till lately very much neglefted 

 to employ them ; though from this cenfure we muft except 

 the Orientals and the Turks, among whom the practice of 

 the bath has been more eafily preferved, on account of its 

 connexion with religious woriliip. Their manner of bath- 

 ing is very limilar to that of the ancients ; they have Hill 

 valt edifices for the purpole, which are heated by means of 

 pipes, and receive light from the top : and though the ufe of 

 the llrigyl (fee Architecture, Plate III.) may not have 

 been preferved, proper fritlions for the excitement of perfpi- 

 ration arc ttill ufed ; and the iuilruments adopted by the 

 ancients are replaced by rough cloths and flannels. The 

 rich among them have private baths, in the conftruftion of 

 which they are expenfive, and devote to them the moll con- 

 fiderable part of their manfions. 



Among the modern Europeans, the praftice of bathing, 

 generally fpeaking, has returned to the fame condition it was 

 in when Homer defcribed it in the earlier ages of Greece. 

 It is in the river, during the heat of fummer, that the multi- 

 tude bathe ; and that more for pleafure than on any other 

 account : without once reflefting on the accidents which are 

 likely to refult from the crudity of the water, the intempera- 

 ture of the air, or the action of the fun, to which they are 

 frequently expofed. 



At Florence, on the bank of the Arno, public baths were 

 conftrufted by the late duke, with fuch accommodations as 

 fecmcd moll appropriate for general ufe : adjoining which 

 there are other baths belonging to private perfons ; and 

 gardens of promenade. 



What are called public baths at Paris, are far from uniting 

 thefe advantages ; they are no other than large boats, called 

 tone, covered with a cloth, with fmall ladders attached by 

 cords, to facilitate the purpofes of bathing. The French 

 have alfo private baths for hire, fimilar to thofe in England ; 

 and many of their larger manfions are furnifhtd either with 

 domcllic baths of the larger kind, or bathing vefTels formed 

 of metal. 



Thofe which are called natural baths, are ufually buildings 

 conftrufted nigh the fources of mineral waters ; fuch as the 

 baths of Puzzuoli, Baix, and St. Germane, near Naples : 



BAT 



rifn, in Tufcany ; Bourbon and Vichi, in France; Buxtan, 

 Bath, and Harro\vgate, in England. 



Of the engravings which ace .mpany this article, Platsl, 

 exhibits the plan of the baths of Caiacalla ; of the references 

 in wliich we give the following explanation. 



1. The great fquare, furroundcd by a portico, for the 

 exercifes of the lladium. 



2. Thofe j)arts of the porticos which ferved for entrance 

 to the vellibules of the palsellra. 



3. The cella folcaris of the paljeflra : the gates of which 

 were furnifhed with lattice work ot bronze. 



4. Veftibules of the great hall. 



5. The great hall, furniflied with the xyflum. 



6. Other vellibules belonging to the lateral apartments 

 of the pals lira. 



7. Others, narrower than thofe already mentioned, leading 

 to the fame apartments. 



8. Halls, open at the top, whofe fides were ornamented 

 with baflo-relitvos in marble. A fragment of one of thelaft 

 of thefe was lately in the polFefiion of cardinal Albani. 



9. Anti-rooms belonging to the xylta. 



10. Common entrances to the fame. 



1 1. Openings to give the xylla light. 



12. A fpacious xyllum in the middle of the palxflra, for 

 the exercifes of the athletic. 



13. Apartments in which the athletz anointed themfelves 

 and left their veftments, with ftaircafes afcending to the 

 upper part of the cella folearis. 



14. Receptacles for the rain-water from the roofs of the 

 porticos (J'g-i^-)t which was conveyed by pipes to the lower 

 baths. 



15. Other uncovered receptacles, for the fame purpofe, 

 formed in the fide walls. 



16. The portico, whence pafling through the xyflum you 

 reached the great bath : it was expofed to the S.W. and was 

 fometimes warmed by the fun, and at other times by furnaces. 



17. Chambers or baths belonging to the vvreftlers, and 

 other combatants, of the theatre and xyflum. 



1 8. The cillern of water in the centre. 



19. Porticos, ornamented by niches, with magnificent 

 fountains , ferving as a fhelter for the populace from the 

 rain and fun. 



20. Double portico before the theatre. 



21. Seats for the fpeiElators at the games; in front of 

 which, upon occafion, the ftage, and fcenes for theatrical re- 

 prefentation, were erefted. 



22. Open fpaces between the porticos and the great hall 

 or faloon. 



23. Uncovered halls. 



24. The athenaeum. 



25. Open fpace in front of the philofophic walks. 



26. The philofophic walks. 



27. Quarters for the prstorian guard. 



28. The great exedras, for trials of Urength. 



29. Apartments appertaining to the exedrae, fubdividcd 

 into fmaller ones for the accommodation of the officers and 

 exercifers in the different games. 



30. Apartments for the fcenes, and other theatrical ap- 

 paratus. 



31. Openings with iron gratings, for the admiflion of light 

 to the lower ftory. 



32. Staircafcs from the lower to the upper ftory. 



33. Veftibules of the upper ftoiy. 



34. Other ftaircafes of afcent to the porticos. 



Lower Story. 



35. Qnarters of the praetorian bands; with porticos in 

 front. 



36. Pifeinse, 



