B i\ T 



BAT 



56. Pifein^e, or pools of cold water. 



37. Porticos erctted at a later period, by Alexander 

 Severus. 



38. Cold batli w't'i fountains in the centre. 



39. Wa'ks for public accommodation. 



40. Maijnificent foiintains. 



41. Walls lurro'jndaig the fiimmit of the hill on which 

 the baths of Caracalla were ere£\cd. 



42. Open fpuce around the refervoirs of n-ater. 



43. The aqucduft of Antoninus, which fiippli;d the 

 baths. 



44. Intermediate refervoir, into which the water of the 

 aqueduft was difcharged. 



45. The opening by which the water was condufted to 

 the warm baths. 



46. The refcrvo'r. 



47. Walls of the city, anterior to thofe of Aurelinn, 

 which were enlarged by Caracalla, for the extcnfion of the 

 thcrnise. 



48. The fountains msntioned in Jig. 38. 



49. Porta Capena in the city wall. 



50. Porta Terentina. 



51. The Applan way. 



Plate II. exiiibits a painting from the bsths oF Titus, on 

 a brown ground, reprefenting three (light temple? : in the 

 centre one a ftatue, fuppofed to be Apollo, with a prieft on 

 either fide ; and above each of the btcral temples a bas-re- 

 lief, reprefenting the facrifices of Bacchus. The fmallcr 

 figures in Arabefque. 



Here may be remarked, that in drift contradiftion to all 

 that is affevted by the French writers, the paintings of the 

 ancients, whether Greek or Roman, are in bad perfpec- 

 tive. 



P'at.'lW. contains a feftion of the baths of Caracalla, 

 from Piranefi ; with Montfaucon's idea of explaining the 

 relative fituation of the different apartments in the Roman 

 thcrmi. 



Bath, in jfeiui/b jlnt'tquily, is the name of a liquid mea- 

 fure, containing the tenth part of an omer. 



Some dillinguifli five kinds of baths : viz. the greater 

 bath, containing So pounds of water, or, according to Jofe- 

 phus, 1440 Roman ounces ; the fecond bath, containing 100 

 ounces ; the third, 66\ ounces ; the fourth, containing 25 

 ounces ; and the fifth, 6f ounces of water. Beveriu. Sync. 

 <5e Menf. p. ii. p. 127. 



Some have ellimated the facrcd bath at half as much 

 " again as the common bath ; but there is no fufficient reafon 

 for this diftinftion. Calmet. 



Bath, Kni^hls of the. This order was inftituted in Eng- 

 land at the coronation of Henry IV. in 1339, and revived 

 by George I. by his letters patent, bearing date at Weftmin- 

 fter, the I'^th of May in the nth year of his reign, 1725, 

 in the following words : 



" George, by the grace of God, of GreatBritain, France, 

 and Ireland, king, defender of the faith, S:c., to all to 

 whom thefe prefents fhall come greeting. Whereas our royal 

 prcdeceiTors, upon divers wife and honourable confiderations, 

 have, on occafion of certain auguft folemn-ties, conferred 

 with great ftate, upon their royal iffue male, the princes 

 of the blood royal, feveral of their nobility, principal officers, 

 and other perlons diftinguiflied by their birth, quality, and 

 perfonal merit, that degree of knighthood which hath been 

 denominated the knighthood of the bath ; we, being moved 

 by the fame confiderations, do hereby declare our royal in- 

 tention not only to re-eftablilh and fupport the faid honour 

 of knighthood in its form.er luftre and dignity, but to eredt 

 the fame into a regular military order : and, acccidiuglv, of 

 Vol. III. 



our efpecial grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion. 

 and by virtue of our royal prerogative, being the fountain of 

 honour, we hai'e inftituted, ereftcd, conlfituted, and created, 

 and by thefe our letters patent, do inftitute, ereft, conflitute, 

 and create a military order of knighthood, to be and be 

 called for ever hereafter by the name and title of " The 

 Order of the Bath," whereof we, our heirs and fucceffors, 

 kings of this realm, for ever ?hall be fovereigns; which faid 

 order (hall confi (I of a great mafter, to continue during the plea- 

 furc of us, our heirs or fucceffors, and thirty-fix companions, 

 to be from time to time nominated and appointed by us, our 

 heirs and fucceffors, wherein a fncctfTion fhall be always regu- 

 larly continued ; which faid order fhall be governed by ftatutes 

 and ordinances, to be from time to time made.ordained, altered, 

 and abrogated, by us, our heirs and fucceiTors, at our and 

 their pleafure. And to the end that fuch ftatutes may be 

 legally eftablifhcd, we, following the example of our royal 

 predecefTor king Edward the 'I'liird, of glorious memory, 

 founder of the moil noble order of the garter, who gave' 

 fanclion to tlie ftatutes of that order, by affixing to them 

 the feal which had been by his command made and ap- 

 pointed for the fame order, do hereby direft and appoint, 

 that a feal fliall be immediately engraven, having upon one 

 fule the reprefentation of our royal perfon on horfeback 

 in armour, the (hield azure, three imperial crowns or, the 

 arms ufually afcribed to the renowned king Arthur, with 

 this circumicription, " Sigillum Honoratiffimi Ordinis Mili- 

 taris de Balneo ;" and on the reverfe, the fame arms empal- 

 ing our royal arms : and our royal will and pleafure is, that 

 the faid feal fhall for ever hereafter be the feal of the faid 

 order of the bath ; and that the ftatutes to be perpetually and 

 inviolably obferved within the faid order, fliall be eftablifhed 

 and fealedbyaiid with the fame feal: and we do hereby for ns, 

 our heirs and fucceffors, declare and ordain, that the faid 

 ftatutes fo to be given by us, our heirs or fucceffors, to 

 which the faid feal fhall be affixed, fhall be of the fame force 

 and validity as if the fame ftatutes, andevei7 article of them, 

 had been verbatim recited in thefe our letters patents, and 

 had been paffed under the great feal of this our realm. And 

 further, we do hereby ordain, conftitute, nominate, and ap- 

 point our right trufty and right entirely beloved coufin John 

 duke of Montagu to be the firtl great mafter of the faid 

 order, to hold the faid office during our pleafure, with fuch 

 powers, privileges, and emoluments, and fubjeft to fuch re- 

 gulations as fliall be for that purpofc appointed in the ftatutes 

 to be eftabliflied by us, our heirs or fucceffors, as aforefaid. 

 And whereas it is abfolutely neceflary, for the dignity and 

 fervice of this order, that there fhonld be officers peculiarly- 

 appropriated thereto, we do by thefe prefents, for us, our 

 heirs and fucceffors, will and ordain, that there fhall be 

 forever hereafter a dean, genealogift, king of arms, regifter, 

 fecretary, ufher, and meffenger, of and belonging to the faid 

 order, whofe refpeiElive duties, privileges, emoluments, and 

 perquifites ftiallbeparticularlyexpreffedanddeclared in the faid 

 flatutes ; and we do hereby for us, our heirs and fucceffors, 

 conftitute, create, and appointthedeanof the collegiate church 

 of St. Peter's Weftminfier, for the time being, to be for ever 

 hereafter dean of the faid order, and do for us, our heirs and 

 fucceffors, give and grant full power and authority to the 

 great mafter of the faid order, for the time being, to con- 

 ftitute, nominate, and appoint, under the feal hereby ap- 

 pointed for the faid order, a genealogift, king of arms, 

 regifter, fecretary, uftier, and meffenger of the faid order ; 

 and from time to time to fill up the places of fuch officers 

 upon vacancies, according to fuch rules and diredtions, as 

 fliall for that purpofe be laid down and expreffed in the faid 

 ftatutes to be given as aforefaid. And to the end that the 

 5 1 refpectivc 



