B A U 



B A U 



eavenii in which, after defcending 300 pacei, is found the 

 rate of a grotto, twice as large as that of a city. The p;rotto 

 is ^5 paces deep, and fio wide, and covered with a kind of 

 Taulted roof, from which water continually drops. In this 

 grotto is a fmall brook, that is faid to be frozen in fum- 

 mer and not in winter. When the pealants ohfervs a rr.ift. 

 rifmg from this cavern, they predict rain on the follow- 

 ing day. 



BAUMGANS, in Ornithology, the name of the bemacle 

 goofe ; Akas Bernicla, in Fnfch H'lj). Birds. 



BAUMGARTEN, Alex'andep. Gottlieb, in Bio- 

 graphy, an eminent philofophical writer, wa"! born at Berlin 

 in 1 7 14, and educated at Halle. Here he nillinguilhed liim- 

 felf by his private lectures in philofophy ; and after having 

 officiated for fome time as extr?.ordlnar)' profetTor he was in- 

 vited in 1740 to be profeffor of philofophy at Frankfort on 

 the Oder. His c.^nllitution, b-,:ing natin.uiy feeble, was much 

 impaired before the year i 75 1 by clofe application to ftudy, 

 and his infirmities were aggravated by the lofs of a great part 

 of his property, during the bombardment of the fortrefs of 

 Caftriii, whither he had fled for {helter. In 1760, his health 

 beii"' in fome degree reftorcd, he refumed his labours with 

 rew ardour; but in 1762 he was carried off by a ftroke of 

 the apoplexy ; having ellabhfhed the character of an acute 

 and found philofopher, who united to an exten five acquaint- 

 ance with the fciences, a diltinguiflied accuracy of judgment, 

 and an agreeable chearfulnefs of temper. His principal 

 works are " Melophyfica ;" Halle, 173Q, 1743, Svo. pub- 

 lifhed in German by Meyer, with many alterations, ar.d re- 

 pnblilhed by profeffor Eberhard : " Ethica Philofophica ;" 

 Halle, 1740, 1751, 8vo. " TEfthetica." Frankf. in Oder. 

 1750, 175S, Svo. and " Initia Philofophiae Pra<SticK Primas;" 

 Frankf. 1 760, Svo. Gen. Biog. 



Baumgarten, Siegmund jacol, brother of the above, 

 was born in 1706 at Wclminlladt on the Ohra, and having 

 itudicd at Halle became profeffor of theology. He died in 

 1757, leaving numerous '.writings on theological fubjects, and 

 many tranflationn of French and EngUlh works into German. 

 Gen. Biog. 



Baumgarten, in Geo-rraphy, a town of Germany, in the 

 archduchy of Auftria, 6 miles weft of Feltfbnrg. 



Baumgarten', a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Chru- 

 dim, 3 miles weft of Poiitzka. 



BAUMHOLDER, a town of Germany, in the circle of 

 Upper Rhine, and duchy of D^ux Fonts, 10 miles weft of 

 Lautercck, and 25 nortli of Deux Fonts. 



BAUMSWALDT, a foreft of Pruffia, on the borders 

 cf Lithuania, about 10 leagues long and 7 wide. 



BAUNACH, a town of Germany, in the circle of Fran- 

 conia, and bifnopric of Bamberg, near the river Mayne ; 

 7 miles north of Bamberg. This is alfo the name of a canton 

 of Swabia, fo called from the river Baunach, which runs into 

 tlie Mayne. 



BAVOSA, in Icbihyolo^y, a name given by the Italians 

 to a fpecies of Ray, called by modern naturaliils Raja Oxy- 

 rinchus, which fee. 



BAVO TA, Pacavita, in ^iicinit Geography, a town of 

 Italy in Japvgia. 



BAUR, BAWR, orBOUWER, John William, in 

 Biography, an em.inent painter of landfcapes and architecture, 

 was born at Straiburg in 1610. After having been thedifci- 

 ple of Frederick Brendel, he went to Rome for improvement ; 

 but though he pofleffed great genius and a fertile im.agination, 

 and refided for a confiderable time in and about Naples and 

 Rome, where he devoted hinifelf entirely to architedture and 

 landfcapes, he retained the German tafte in all his figures, 

 and neglected the lludy of nature or the antiq^uc ; fo that he 



never arrived at a grandeur of defign. However his pencil 

 was light, bis compofition good, and his general exprefiion 

 beautiful, though his figures were fomewhat heavy. His 

 paintings in water-colours on vellum are held in theiiigheft 

 eftimation. For the duke of Bracciano, at v/hofe court he 

 relided for feveral years, he finilhed fome charming ptrfpcc- 

 tive views of gardens, with ftatues and fountains, and a num- 

 ber of elegant buildings, with many figures, coaches, cattle, 

 and horftmen ; and he generally diilinguiflied people of dif- 

 ferent nations by their appropriate drefs. This artill alfo en- 

 graved a great number of plates from his own defigns. His 

 engravings from the Metamorphofes of Ovid are generally 

 preferred to the reft. They are ilightly etched, and re-^ 

 touched with the gnivir. The figures are fmall, and incor- 

 reftly drawn. The back grounds are dark and heavy, and 

 the trees are deftitute of that hghtnefs and freedom, which 

 would render the effect agreeable. His pieces of arcliitcc- 

 ture are well executed, and the perfpeftive finely prefervcd. 

 In his ftyle of engraving he feems, in fome degree, to have 

 imitated Callot, and the nerrtr he approaches it, the better 

 are his productions. Tlie Metamorphofes confift of 150 

 middling-fized plates. Baur died at Vienna in 1640. Piik- 

 ington and Strutt. 



BAUR AC, an ancient name for nitre, but in fome places 

 ufed in a reftraineJ fenfe, as not fignifying every thing that 

 was called by that name, but only one of two diiferent falt» 

 that were confufedly called nitre. 



The Arabians give the name baurach to tincar or lineal, 

 which when refined is called borax, but when it is rough, in 

 little cryftalhne mafTes like the fmall cryftals of fa! gem, mixed 

 with earth or other impurities, it is always dittinguilhed by 

 the nameof //nf<(/. Neumann, p. 227. See Natros. 



BAURINKEL, in Geography, a town of Germany, iii 

 the circle of Weltphaha, and county of Lingen, 6 miles N. E. 

 of Lingen. 



BAUSCH, Leonard, in Biography, a phyGcIan of 

 Schwtinfurd in Franconia, acquired confiderable rep'.itation 

 by his commentaries on the works of Hippocrates, pnbliftied 

 1594, folio, at Madrid. His fon, John Laurence Baufch, 

 born at Schweinfurd, September 30th 1605, after the ufual 

 fchool education at home, vifited the principal feminaries i:i 

 Germany, France, and Italy, and was made dodtor iii me- 

 dicine at Altdorf in 1630. He had the merit of forming s 

 fociety of phyficians, in 1652, who met at ftated periods, 

 and communicated fuch obfcrvations in philofophy and me- 

 dicine as occurred in their praftice, and feem.ed deferving of 

 being preferved. This, in time, gave birth to the Academia 

 Nature Curioforum, of which he was the firft prefident, and 

 in 1671 they began to pubhdi their memoirs, under the title 

 of " MifccUanta Curiofa, Medico-Phyfica, Academia: Na- 

 turiE Ci.'.oforum," 4to. The fociety ftill continue their 

 meetings, and have pnbliftied near feventy volumes of tha 

 Mifcellanv. Haller Bib. Med. Praft. Eloy. Did. Hift. 



BAUSCHWITZ, in Geography, a town of Sikfia, in 

 the principality of Neyfze, 8 miles E. tJ. E. of Neyfze. 



BAUiSi\, or Bautko, a town of Courland, ieated on 

 the rive- Mufa, on the frontiers of .Poland. It was taken 

 by the Swedes, under Guftavus Adolphus, in 1625, and by 

 the RuiTians under Czar Peter, in 1705, after a bloody bat- 

 tle between the Ruffians and Swedes. N. lat. 56° 30'. E. 

 long. 24'' 4Ji/. 



BAUTSCH, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Prerau, 

 18 miles N. of Prerau. 



BAUTZEN, or Budiszin, the capital of Upper Lu- 

 fatia, in Germany, fituate in the circle of Budifzin, on the 

 river Spree, fubject to the elector of Saxony, and fortified 

 by a citadel, called the Caftle of Ortenburg, ftanding on a 



high 



