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wa,Tetl a long »r.d bloody war ivith tlic Po: fiaiis, anil Jeclaicd 

 tlH-m iiifidela, though, in other refpffts, of the fame faith 

 with themfelws, merely becaufe tluy would not cut tlieir 

 whin<cr3 after the mode or rite of the Tartars, 'i'lie iSpar- 

 tans from the age of 20 years, fuffcred their hair ar.d beards 

 to grow : the hair being deemed an ornament, which became 

 the free man and warrior. A Spartan being once aflied why 

 lie wore fo long a beard, replied, " Since it is grown white 

 it incefTantly reminds me not to dilhonour my old age." 

 Ncverthelefs, as they were accuftomed to obedience, even in 

 things the mod indifferent, the cphori, when they entered 

 on office, proclaimed, by found of trumpet, a decree, com- 

 manding the people to fliave their upper lips, and tolubmit 

 to the laws. Tlie Egyptian priells (liaved the head, cliin, 

 and whole body. Accordingly, moR of the Egyptian figures 

 are without beard. However, Herodotus informs us, that 

 in time of calamity, tliey fiifTercd their beard and hair to 

 grow. The Adyrians liad long beards ; and Chiyfollom 

 •bferves, that the kings of Perfia had their beards woven or 

 matted together witli gold thread ; and fome of the fii ll 

 kings of France had, in the fame manner, their beards matted 

 and knotted with gold. The Africans wore long beard , as 

 may be feen on the medals of Juba. The Greeks, if tradition 

 may be credited, wore long beards from their heroic times. 

 Cedrenu> informs us, that at Conllantinople, in the therma; of 

 Zcuxippus, there was a (latue of Homer with a long beard. 



Athenxus, from Chrylippus, obferves, that tlie Greeks 

 always wore their beards till the time of Alexander ; and 

 that the firft who cut it at Athens ever after bore the addi- 

 tion of Ko^j-r,:,Jbaven, on medals. Plutarch adds, that Alex- 

 ander commanded the Macedonians to be lliavcn, lead the 

 length of their beards fliould give a handle to their enemies: 

 however this be, we find Philip, his father, as well as Amyn- 

 tas and Archelaus, his predeeenbrs, rcprefented on medals 

 without beards. The Greeks continued to (have the beard 

 till the time of Juftinian, under whofe empire long beards 

 came again intotafhion, and fo continued till Conllantinople 

 was taken by the Turks. The Greek philofophers dillin- 

 guiflied themfelves from the vulgar by their long beards. 

 According to Laertius (I. vi.) Antillher.es was the firll of the 

 philofophers who luffered his beard to grow. This cuftom, 

 however, among the philofophers, was not invariable, for the 

 fcholiaft of Arillophanes (Nub. i 20.) pretends, that the an- 

 cient philofophers (haved their beards. The Roman philo- 

 sophers affefted to preferve the fame diftindive charafters of 

 the mantle and long beard. 



Thus Horace defcribes them : 



" Tempore quo me 



Solatus juflit fapientem pafcere bavbam." 



Sermon. 1. ii. fat. iii. v. -^4. 

 Aulus GtUius and Lucian exprefs tlicmfelves in a fimilar 

 manner. Perfius feems to have been fo convinced of the 

 teard's being the fymbol of wlfdom that he thought he could 

 not beftow a greater encomium on Socrates than calling him 

 •' Magillrum barbatum." The Sicilians, and the Etrufcans 

 adopted the cuftoms of the Greeks. The latter exhibited 

 all their deities with a beard, except Vulcan, but on the me- 

 dals of the former their kings appear without a beard. 



The Romans for a long time wore beards and long hair. 

 Cicero, in his oration for Ccelius, (c. 14.) mentions the 

 •' barba horrida, quam in ftatuis antiquis & imaginibus vi- 

 demus." Liv. (v. 51.) fpcakiiig of the fenators, who re- 

 mained in Rome, after the entrance of the Gauls, fays that 

 they wore a very long beard : " barbam, ut turn omnibus 

 promiila erat." Scipio Africanus appeared with a long beard 

 111 his interview with Mafiniffa. Hence Ovid calls the an- 

 Cifut Romans " iotonil ;" thus. 



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*' Hoc »ptid iiitonfos nomen habcbat aros." Fait, ii.aft 

 Juvenal alio (Sat. xvi.) Jelcribis them in the fame manner : 

 " Et credam dignum barba, dignumque capillis 

 Maiorum." 



Piiny obfer\-es, that the Romans did not begin to fhave 

 till the year of Rome 454, when P. Ticiuius brought over 

 a number of barbers from Sicily ; he adds, that Scipio Af- 

 ricanus was the firll who introduced the mode of (having 

 every day. The philofophers, however, retained the beard ; 

 and the military men wore it fliort and frizzled, as we fee it up. 

 on the triumphal archs, and other monunr.ents. In time of 

 grief and aifliclion they fuffertd their beard and hair to grow, 

 as was the cafe with M. Livius in his retirement from Rome, 

 and with Augullus after the defeat of Varus. The Greeks, 

 on the co:!trary, in time of grlet,cul their hair and (haved their 

 beards, (Seneca Benef. v. 6.) which was alfo the cullom 

 among fome barbarian nations. Accordingly, the cultoni of 

 letting the beard grow is a token of mourning in fome coun- 

 tries, and of fliaving it in otiieis. The iirll fourteen Romau 

 emperors (haved, till the time of theemperor Adrian, who re- 

 tained the mode of wearing tlie beard. Plutarch tells us he 

 did it to hide the fears in his face. 



Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius wore a beard under 

 the characlcr of philofophers. Tiie fucced'ors of Juiliniau 

 relumed the habit of wearing beard:, and the latter Greek 

 emperors had them of an extraordinaiy length. The ancient 

 Britons in the time of Cxfar (haved the reft of the body, 

 except the head and upper lip : " Capillosac barbam radcre 

 praeter caput, et labrum fuperius." Bell. Gall. I. v. c. 14. 

 Diodorus Siculus and Tacitus inform us, that the ancient 

 Germans lliaved the beard, except that on the upper lips ; 

 and, among the Catti, a nation of Germany, a young man 

 was not allowed to (have or cut his hair till he liad (lain an 

 enemy. Tac. de Mem. Germ. 31. Among the Jews it was 

 reckoned ignominious to (liave a perfon's beard. 2 Sam. x. 4. 

 Strabo relates, that the Indian philofophers, the (rym- 

 nofophills, took great pains to attrati the veneration of 

 tile people by the length of their beards. The Goths 

 and Franks wore only a mnllache, called by Plutarch 

 fivrazx, and by the Latins " criHa." While the Gauls were 

 under their fovereignty, rone but the nobles and Chriftian 

 pricils were allowed to wear long beards. When the 

 Franks made themfelves mailers of Gaul, they affumcd the 

 fame authority as the Romans ; the bondfmen were exprefsly 

 ordered to fiiave their chins ; and this law continued in force 

 till the entire abolition of fervitude in France. In the time 

 of the firft race of kings, a long beard was a (ign of nobility 

 and freedom ; and the kings were emulous to have the largell 

 beards. Eginard, fecretary to Charlemagne, fpeaking^ to 

 the laft kings of the firft race, fays, they came to the alfem- 

 blies in the field of Mars in a carriage drawn by oxen, and 

 fat on the throne with their hair dilhevelled, and a very 

 long beard. 



It is not eafy to fix with precifion the time when the 

 beard was firft fliaven among the young Romans. It was 

 fometimes when the toga virilis was affumcd, according 

 to Suetonius (Callg. 10.) Macrobius (Somn. Scl^. i. 6.) 

 fays, it was about the age of 2 l. Augullus did not (liave be- 

 fore the age of 25. Hence young men with a long down, or 

 " lanugo," upon the chin, were called " juvenes barbatuli," 

 or " bene baibati." The firft growth of the beard was 

 confecratcd to fome god, ufually to the Lares. Ntro con- 

 fecrated his in a golden box, fet with pearls, tt> Jupiter Ca- 

 pitoliuus. The day on whicli the young men, among the 

 Greeks and Romans, firft ftiaved the beard, was a feftival ; vifits 

 of ceremony were paid them ; and they received prefents from 

 their friends. To this purpofe, Juvenal fays, Sat. iiL i H6. 



"lUe 



