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of confcqucncc fly oat of the pipe or aperture with a velocity 

 propoitio::ul to the foice by which it is comprclTcd, and 

 mull therefore blow ftrongcr or weaker, as the velocity 

 with which the top and bottom of the bellows meet is 

 greater or leffcr. The blail alfo will la(l in proportion to 

 the quantity of air that was drawn into t!ie bellows through 

 the valvc or wind-clap. 



Tiie adion of bellows bears a near afTmity to that of the 

 longs ; and what we call blowing in the latter, affords a per- 

 tinent illulliatioii of what is called refpiring in the former. 

 Accordingly, bellows have been employed in relloring fuf- 

 pendtd animation ; and Dr. Hooke fonnd.by renewing the 

 interrupted adion of the lungs by blowing air into them, by 

 cutting away the ribs and diaphragm, and pericardium, S:c. 

 and laying the tliorax of a dog bare, and having cut off the 

 afpeia artcria below the epiglottis, ai\d bound it on the nofe 

 of a bellows, that as he blowed the dog recovered, and as he 

 ceaftd, became convulfive : and thus the animal remained al- 

 ternately alive and dead aljove the fpace of an hour. See the 

 rcethods of recovering fufpended animation, under the arti- 

 cle Drowning. 



The bellows of fmiths and founders, whether fingle or 

 double, are wrought by means of a rocker, with a ftring or 

 chain faftened to it, and pulled by the workman. The bel- 

 lows-pipe is fitted into that of the tevvel. One of the boards 

 is fixed, fo as not to play at all. By drawing down the 

 luindle of the rocker, the moveable board rifes, and by means 

 of a weight on the top of the upper board, finks again. 



The bellows of the Chinefe fmiths is of a very iimple kind, 

 and is compofed of a fquare pipe of wood ABCDE [Plate 

 XIII. Piuumatksyfg. 107.^ with a fquare board G, which 

 exaiftly fits it, moved by the handle FG. At the farther 

 end is the blalt p'pe HK, and on each fide of it a valve in 

 the end of the fquare pipe, opening inwards. The pifton 

 u fuffieiently tight for tlieir purpofes without any leathering. 

 The bellows of forges and furnaces of mines ufually re- 

 ceive their motion from the whetls of a water-mill, or in our 

 large furnaces they are worked by a fteam-engine. Others, 

 as the btUows of enamellers, are wrought by means of one 

 or more ilcps or treadles under the workman's feet. 



The bellows of an organ are fix feet long, and four broad ; 

 each having an aperture of four inches, that the valve may 

 play eafy. There fhould likewife be a valve at the nofe of 

 the bellows, that one may not take the air from the other. 

 To blow an organ of fixteen feet, there are required four 

 pair of theft bellows. 



The bellows of organs are wrought by a man called the 

 blower ; and, in fmall organs, by the foot of the player. See 

 Organ. 



The method of conftruftlag wooden bellows for the pur- 

 pofes of metallurgy, was an important and ufeful invention, 

 for which we are indebted to the Germans. This is ex- 

 prefsly affirmed by Grignon in his " Meiiioires fur I'art de 

 fabriq'uer le fcr," Paris, 1775 ; and in the time of Becher, 

 they were to be found in Germany, but not in England. 

 GenlTanne, iu his " Traite de la fonte des mines parle feu du 

 charbon de teric," Paris 1770, erroneoufly afcribes the in- 

 vention to tlie Swifs ; being probably led into this error 

 in confequence of a Swifs hiving firll made known thefe 

 bellows in Prance. The name of the real inventor, how- 

 ever, has not been afccrtained. From a catalogue of ma- 

 chines given to the magillrates of Nuremberg in 1550, by 

 an artili, called Hans Lobfingcr, Doppelmayer concludes, 

 that he underllood the art of making fmall and large bel- 

 lows without leather, and entirely of wood, wliieh could 

 be ufed in fmelting-houfes and for organs, and likewife cop- 

 per bellows, that always vmillcd a like degree of wiuJ. As 



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I.obfingcr made organs, Becknian (Hift. Inventions, vol. i. 

 p. 109.) fuggetls, tiiat this invention might occur to him ; 

 but he has not been able to learn in what it aftually con- 

 filled, or whether it might not die with him. Agricola, 

 who died in 1555, m.akes no mention of wooden bellows. 

 Samuel Reyhcr, formerly profeffor at Kiel, in the improved 

 edition of his differta'ion on air, printed there in i66g, re- 

 printed with additions at Hamburgh, in 1725, and entitled 

 " De Pneumatica, five de Acre et Aerometria," informs 

 us, that " about 80 years ago a new kind of bellows, which 

 ought to be called the pneumatic chefts, was invented in the 

 village of Schmalebuche, in the principality of Cobourg, in 

 Franconia," by two brothers, Martin and Nicholas Schel- 

 horn, who were millers in that village. Thefe brothers 

 kept the invention fecret, but not fo concealed as to elude 

 conjedturc. Reyher rejates, how he himfelf formed an idea 

 of it. Schhiter, who has given a complete defcription and 

 figure of thefe bellows in his "Unterricht von Hiitten-Wer- 

 ken," Brunfwick, 1738, fol. afcribes the invention of them 

 to abidiop of Bamberg ; and according to his account, they 

 were employed fo early as the year 1620, in the foreft of 

 Hartz, to which they were firll brought by fome perfons 

 from Bamberg. " \Vhat Calvor fays (according to Beck- 

 man, ubi fupra) refpetling the introduiiion of thefe bellows 

 into the forell of Hartz, is much more probable ; that in 

 1 62 1 Lewis Pfannenfchmid, from Thuringia, fettled at Oft- 

 feld near Goflar, and begun to make wooden bellows. The 

 bellows-makers of that place confpired therefore againft him, 

 and fwore they would put him to death ; but he was pro- 

 tedled by the government. Pie would difclofe his art to no 

 one but his fon, who, as well as his grandfon, a few years 

 ago had the making of all the bellows in the foreft." From 

 Germany, the art of making thefe bellows was introduced 

 into fome parts of Fiance, and into Swedei:, and became 

 general through various parts of Europe. This kind of 

 bellows confills of two boxes placed upon one another ; 

 the uppermoll of which may be moved up and down upon 

 the lower one, in the lame manner as the hd of a fnuff-box, 

 which has a hinge, moves up and down, when it is opened or 

 fluit : but the fides of .the uppermoil box are fo broad as to 

 contain the lower one between them, when it is raifed to its 

 utmoft extent. Both boxes are bound together, at the 

 fmallell end, where the pipe is, by a (Irong iron bolt. It 

 may be readily comprehended, thrit when both boxes fit 

 each other exaftly, and the upper one is raifcd over the un- 

 der one, which is at reft, the fpace contained by both will 

 be enlarged ; and confequently more air will rufli in throuo-h 

 the valve in the bottom of the lower one ; and when the 

 upper box is again forced down, this air will be expelled 

 through the pipe. The only difficulty is to prevent the air, 

 which forces its way in, from efcaping any where elfe than 

 through the pipe ; for it is not to be cxpefted, that the 

 boxes will fit each other fo clofely as entirely to prevent the 

 air fiom making its way between them. This difHculty, 

 however, is obviated by the following fimple and ingenio'is 

 method. On the inner fides of the uppermoil box there 

 are placed moveable flips of wood, which, by means of metal 

 fprings, are prelled to the fides of the other box, and fill up 

 the fpace between them. As thefe long flips of wood mi^ht 

 not be fuffieiently pliable to fufTer thenifclves to be prcfled 

 clofc enough ; and as, though planed perfectly ftraight at 

 firft, they would, in time, become warped in various direc- 

 tions, incifions are made in them acrofs their whole length, 

 at the dillance of from 15 to 18 inches from each other, fi> 

 as to leave only a fmall fpace in their thicknefs, by which 

 mens they ;i(_qui:c fufiicient pliability to be every where 

 prelTed clofe enougii to the fides, "This defcription may be 



iiluf. 



