B E R 



BEREZINSKOT, a town of Siberia, on the north fide 

 of the Irti(h ; 40 miles E. of Tobolfk. 



BEREZNA, a town of Ruffia, in the diftrift of Kargapol, 



featcd on the rivtr Onei,'a. N. lat. 62° 18'. E. long.3«" 5'. 



BEREZNE, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Vol- 



bynia, near the river Siucz. N. lat. 5 i" 10'. E. long. 26° 52'. 



BEREZNIKI, a to'.vn of Lithuania, in the palatinate 



uf Troki ; 40 miles N. N. W. of Troki. 



BEREZOF. See Beresof. 



BEREZOVOI, a fortrtfs of Afiatic Ruffia, in the go- 

 vernment of Orenburjr, on the Uvcliia, 240 miles eaft of 

 Ufa, and 6S S. E. of Tchcliabinfk. 



BEREZOVSKOI, a fortrefs of Afiatic Ruflia, in the 

 government of Orenburg, on the Ural, 140 miles E.N.E. 

 of Orenburg. 



BER-FISCH, in Ichthyology, a name given by the Ger- 

 mans to the common perch. 



BERG, Matthvs Van-den, in Biography, a painter of 

 portrait and hillory, was born at Ypres in 1615, and, as one 

 of the difcipks of Rubens, he obtained fome dillinftion. 

 In his drawina; he was correft, and being affiduous in dc- 

 iigning after the life, and after the bed models, piftures of 

 his own invention are uncommon ; although excellent copies 

 after the finiihed piftures of his mailer are numerous. He 

 died in 1687. Pilkin^ton. 



BtRG, in Geography, a duchy of Germany, in the circle 

 of Weftphalia, cilL-d 'in Latin " Ducatiis Montenfis," berg 

 and mons being fynonymoiis, and denoting mountain or hill, 

 is bounded on the well and fouth by the archbifliopric of 

 Cologn, from which it is feparated by the Rhine ; on the 

 north by the duchy of Cleves ; and on the cad by Naflau- 

 Siegen, the duchy of Weftphalia, and the county of Mark. 

 It is about 72 miles long, and fr;im 10 to 26 in breadth. 

 The country, which upTu tlie whole is mountainous, is, 

 neverthclefs, along the Rhine flat, very fertile, and produces 

 com in abundance j on the hills the inhabitants cultivate 

 vines, and the higher trafls are covered with extenfive 

 forefts; and the vallies afford excellent padure. In this 

 duchy there are mines of lead, iro:;, and coal ; its principal 

 manufafturcs art fwords, knives, and other articles of iron 

 audfteel; and alfo thofe of cloth, ribbands, and handker- 

 chiefs. The principal rivers are the Rhine, which flowc 

 to the e^il of this co;;ntry, the Wippcr, tiie Sieg, and 

 Ruhr. Its capital is Durfeldorf ; and its other principal 

 towns are Elberfcld, Gemark, Lennep, Rattingen, and So- 

 lingen. Hoeck computes the number of inhabitants to be 

 261,504. Render (Tour, vol. ii. p. 294.) fays, that this 

 duchy contains 9 cities, 8 market towns, 35,942 hearths, 

 202 churches, 44,646 Calvinills, 36,807 Lutherans, and 

 1,300 Jews: and he adds, that this duchy, and that of 

 Juliers, contain a number of manufafturcrs, who are com- 

 puted to be about 15^,000. The duchy of Berg belonged 

 to the eledor palatine ; but in the year 1795, it was en- 

 tirely over-run by the French. Sec Juliers. 

 Bf.rg. See IJERGUEf. 



Berg Rcichinjlc'in, or Knfchperjk't Hory, a royal town of 

 Bohemia, in the circle of Prachalitz, fcated on a mountam, 

 iu which are mines of filvpr, 20 miles Wed of Prachalitx. 



BERG A, a town of Norway, 60 miles E.N.E. of Chrif- 

 liana. N.lat. 59° 50'. E. long. 9° 38'. — Alfo, a fmall town 

 of Spain, in Catalonia, featcd on the river Llobregat. — 

 Alfo, a town of Germany, in the circle of Neuiladt, and 

 prefe'flurate of Weyda, fcated on the Elder, 5 miles Weft 

 ofWevda. 



BERGAMASCO, or Bergamo, a country of Italy, 

 being part of Lombardy, and belonging to the ilates of 

 Vtnice, is boiir.ded on the north by the Vahehne, oa the 



B E R 



eaftbv the Brei'ciano, on the fouth by the Cremafco, and on 

 the weft by the Milancfe. It extends about 36 league$ 

 from north to fouth, and 30 from eaft to weft. Towards 

 the north it is mountainous and uncultivated, but the vici- 

 nity of Bergamo, its capital, is fertile. Some of its vaUies 

 produce wine and oil ; others are barren. In tlie mountains 

 are mines of iron, and quannes of marble and of ftones. The 

 inhabitants are inclined to corpulency, and are fubjecl to 

 the goitre ; neverthclefs, they are indullrious, and intelligent 

 in commerce, and carry on a confiderable traffic in iron, 

 wool, carpets, and tapeftiy, wlrcli they manufadure ; cattle, 

 marble, and mill-lloiies. Their language is a very corrupt 

 Italian. Berganiafco now belongs to the Cifalpine repubhc. 

 BERGAMO, James Philip ue, in Biography, an Au- 

 gudin monk, was born at Bergamo in 1434, and wrote a 

 " Clnonicle" in Latin, from the creation of the world, to 

 tKe year 1503, and " Treatife of Ilhiftrious Women." He 

 died at the place of his nativity in 15 18. Gen. Dift. 



Bergamo, anciently Bergcmum, in Geography, a fortified 

 city of Italy, and capital of Bcrgainafco, is feated on feveral 

 hills, at the bottum of which are fome handfome fuburbs. 

 Between the city and the ftrong cadle on the mountain, is a 

 fubteiTaneous communication. Bergamo is the fee of a 

 bilhop, fuffragan of Milan, and contains 13 parifh churches, 

 12 convents for men, 10 for women, and about 30,000 in- 

 habitant!. The old church of mingled Gothic and Gre- 

 cian architedure, contains feveral valuable pidures, and de- 

 ferves notice. It is a place of confiderable trade, and has 

 a large fair on St. Bartholomew's day, which is reforted to 

 by a great number of merchants from other parts of Italy, 

 Germany, and Swifferland. The principal articles of com- 

 merce are wool and filk ; and the ferges andtapeftry of this 

 place have been celebrated. Their filks equal thofe of 

 Turin. The inhabitants are diligent and active, and by 

 their indudry, render fertile the fandy environs of the town. 

 Bergamo is 25 miles N. E. of Milan, and 26 N. W. of 

 Brelcia. N. lat. 45° 42'. E. long, c/ 38'. 



Bergamo, a name given by the Turks to the ancient 

 Pergamus. 



BERGAMOT, in Botany, cedrat or hergamrA citron-tree, 

 the Citrus mella-rofa of Lamarck, and a variety of the 

 Citrus medica of Linnaeus. It is didinguifiied from the 

 common citron-tree by its leaf, which has the odour of the 

 rofc, by its fruit, which is red, and by the pidil of its flower, 

 which is fhort. The fruit has a fine tafte and fmell ; and its 

 effcntiiil oil is in high tfteem as a perfume. 



Br. RGAMOr, Oil, or EJJeiice of, is a fragrant effential oil 

 procured from the outer rind of the bergamot orange, and 

 prepared in a very large quantity for the table and perfumery 

 in the fouth of France, and cfpecially in Italy and Sicily. 

 There are feveral other fpecies of oranges ufed for this pur- 

 pofe, but the bergamot is edeemed the mod fragrant. 



As the oil exids pure and ready fonned in the orange 

 peel, being fimply depofitcd in fmall cells, the extradion is 

 very eafy. There are two methods of procuring it, either 

 by didillaticn, as with all other eflential oils, (for which, fee 

 the article Oil Ef-ntial) or by exprelTion. The latter is 

 in fome rcfped the bed, as the oil is not liable to be altered 

 by heat. Seftini relates, that in Sicily, a vad quantity of 

 the oil is procured fimply by fquetzing the peel in the hand, 

 and holding a fmall piece of fponge to the furface, which 

 imbibes the oil as fad as it flows out ; when the fponge is 

 full, its contents are prefled out into a veffel in which the 

 oil is coUcded. It is not eafy to imagine a more indolent 

 and inartificial method : but in Italy, and the fouth of 

 France, the orange peels are fird torn to pieces on a fmall 

 machine ftuck over with nails, with the points projeding, 



like 



