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like a carding mill, wlieieby they are entirely torn to pieces, 

 from which much of their oil flows out on the fmaU mill, and 

 is conduded away by a channel cut for the piirpofe. leadincr 

 to a large bottle, where it is collected. After this, the peel, 

 now in a pulpy ftate, is ftrongly compreifed between two 

 plates of glafs, and the remainder of the oil is forced out. 

 This laft being mixed with the other parts of the pulp, is at 

 firll turbid, but gets clear by rcpofc. 



Thcfe expr.fTcd effential oils, or as they hare fometimes 

 been diftinguifhed by the term ejjences, are more fragrant 

 than the oils prepared by dillillation, but being mixed with 

 a little m\icilagc, they are fomewhat thicker, and do not 

 keep quite fo long as the diftillcd. The Sicilian method of 

 preparing tlie efl'ence by hand, though attended with great 

 wafte of materials, certainly affords a purer oil, than where 

 a mill and prefs are ufed. 



If the pulp, remaining after prefTure, is mixed with fpirit 

 of wine and dillilled, an addition of water to the diltilled 

 fpirit feparates an additional quantity of the oil, and kaves 

 the liquor highly flavoured with its exquifite fcent. 



Beaume obtained two ounces of the oil by diftillation, 

 from two pounds of the peel of lemons, and probably the 

 bergamot is yielded in fomewhat fimilar proportion. Beaume. 

 Murray. — Encycl. Arts. & Met. tom.vii. 



There is likewife a kind of fnuiT of the fame name, which 

 is only clean tobacco, with a little of the elfence rubbed intoit. 



Bergamot, in Commerce, is alfo the denomination of a 

 coarfe tapeftiy, manufa&ured with flocks of filks, wool, cot- 

 ton, hemp, ox, cow, or goats hair, and fuppofed to be in- 

 vented by the people of Bergam.o in Italy. 



BERGANDER, in Ornithology, a name by whicli fome 

 have called xSxq. Jlihldrale or burrough duck, a very beautiful 

 fpecies of duck, common on the Lancafliire, and fome other 

 coafts of England ; but not in much elleem for eating. 

 This is anas tardona of Linnasus, which fee. 



BERGARA, in Geography. See Vergura. 



BERGASE, a town of Romania, in European Turkey, 

 feated on the Earifla. N. lat. 41° 21'. E. long. 27° 24'. 



BERGBIETHEIM, a large market town of France, 

 in the department of the Lower Rhine, and diflrict of 

 Dachflein. 



BERGEN, DiRK Vanden, in Biography, was born at 

 Haerlem, and was reckoned one of the bed difciples of 

 Adrian Vandervelde. His colouring is more glowing than 

 that of hio niatler ; but his cattle, and other objeds, are lefs 

 corie6tly drawn. He fpent fome time in England ; but 

 not fucceeding, returned to his own country, and for want 

 of economy, died poor in 16S9. Pilkington. 



Bergen, Charles Augustus de, fon of George Ber- 

 een, proftiTor of medicine in the univerfity of Frankfort 

 on the Oder, was born Aug. 11, 1714. After being 

 initiated by his father into the knowledge of anatomy and 

 medicine, he was fent to Ltyden, where he ftudied under 

 Boerhaave and Albinus, and thence, to complete his educa- 

 tion, to Pari?, and to Strafburg. In 1734, being thought 

 qualified to affift his father, he recalled liim to Frankfort, 

 where he was made doftor, and the year following, profeflbr 

 in medicine. On the death of his father in 1738, he was 

 promoted to the chairs of proftffor of anatomy and botany. 

 With what zeal and ability he filled thofe oflices, his nume- 

 rous, learned, and ingenious diflertations on thofe fubjecls 

 evince. In 1744, he was appointed to fucceed Gcelichcs 

 as reader in theraupeutics and pathology, which pofl he 

 filled to the time of his death, Odlober 7, 1760. 



His works, confifting chiefly of academical differtations, 

 were coUefted by Haller, and pubhihed with his " Thcfes 

 Anatomies:." The titles of a few of them follow. For the 

 remainder, fee Bib. Anat. et Botan. Haller. " De nervo 



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intercoilaii," 1731 ; 



" Icon nova ventriculonim Cerebri," 

 1734 ; " Mcthodus Cranii Offa differendi, et machine hunc 

 in finem conftniftrE per figuras, lignoinc'fas, dclineatio," 1741; 

 " Flora Francofurtuna, facili modo claborata, &c." 1750. 



Berg FN, cr B^rghjn, in Latin Berga, in Geography, the 

 capital of Norway, and of the province of Bergcnhuys, was 

 founded in the year 1 069 or 1070. It is a fe.i-port town, 

 feated in the middle of a valley, and forming a kind of femi- 

 circle round ? fmall gnlf of the fea, called by the inhabitants 

 Waag. On the land fide it is defended by high mor.ntains, 

 conilantly overhung with clouds, which defcend upon the 

 town in frequent rains ; and towards the fea by fev.-ral for- 

 tifications. All the churches and puVilic edifices, as well as 

 many of the dwelling houfes, are built of (lone. The moll 

 remarkable buildinjis are the caflle, and the cathedral fchool, 

 founded in 1554. This city carries on a large trade in all 

 kinds of fiih, fifh oil, tallow, tar, hides, and timber, which are 

 brought from the northern parts of the kingdom, and ex- 

 ported from hence. The returns confift chiefly in corn and 

 foreign commodities. Bergen was formerly connected with 

 the Hans towns, and enjoyed the privilege of coining til! 

 the year 1575. The origin of its commerce was owii.g to 

 the merchants of the Hanfeatic league ; fifty-eight (lorc- 

 houfcs are (lill to be feen on the quays, which were eila- 

 blifhed by thofe merchants for the convenience of their ex- 

 portation of fifh. They had alfo a particular court here, tlic 

 dccifions of which tended to exclude the native inhab.tants 

 from all fhare'in the trade ; but they were at length entirely 

 expelled, chiefly by the vigour of a bailiff, Walkeiidorf". 

 This city, being chiefly conllrucled of wood, has been fub- 

 jcft to frequent conflagrations, as in 1428, wlien eleven 

 pariOi churches were entirely confiimed, and alfo in 14-2, 

 1623, 1640, 1702, 1756, and 1771, on which laft cccafion, 

 the flames, it is faid, were vifible in the ifles of Shetland, or 

 at lealf, the red refleclion in the Iky. It has now only 

 four parilh churches, three Danilh, and one German, to- 

 gether with fome private chapels. The population is com- 

 puted at 19 or 20,000. The harbour is reckoned one of 

 the befl in Europe. Bergen poffefles a very laudable inili- 

 tution for the encouragement of the ufeful arts. N. lat. 

 60° 23'. E. long. 5° 33'. 



Bergen, Berghen, or Bergenhuys, the moft weflerly 

 province of Norway, fituate between Aggcrhuus ^nd the 

 northern ocean. It is about fixty leagues long, and 7 wide. 

 Its capital is Bergen. This province, or diocefe, is very 

 populous, and is remarkable for having 7 marble quarries. 

 It includes 7 vogteys or diflrids, and the fame number of 

 provoflfliips. The vogteys are Haardanger, Sundhard-Lehn, 

 Nord-hord Lehn, Sogn, or Sygna-Filke, Sundiiord, Nord- 

 fiord, and Sundmor. 



Berges, a county of America, in New Jei-fey, on Hud- 

 fon river, lies oppofite to New York on the eail, and was 

 firft planted by the Dutch from New York. It is a moun- 

 tainous country, and its extent is about 30 miles long a!;d 

 25 broad ; forming part of the eallern and northern extre- 

 mities of the flate, and at its north-v.-eftern extremity meet- 

 ing the north-eaflern part of Sufilx county. Berj,>-en con- 

 tains 6 townfliips, the chief of which are Bergen and Hac- 

 kinfack, and 12,601 inhabitants, including 2501 flavts. 

 Here arc 7 Dutch Calvinilt churches, and z of Dutch Lu- 

 therans. 



Bergen is the fliire town of the above county, and lies 

 furrounded by water, except on the nortli. It is fcparated 

 by the Hudton river, from New York, at the diflance of 

 3 miles ; on the fouth, a ULnow channel lies between it 

 and Staten ifland ; and on the weft, it has Hackinfack river. 

 The inhabitants are chiefly defctndauts of the Dutch fet- 



tlcrs. 



Bergen, 



