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out the excliifion or difparagement of tliat method of invefti- 

 eation which ngaiJs the txtenial charaftcr. This appears 

 from his (liort eflay on the forms of cryllals. The fubjcc\ 

 of tleftive attradlioii? engaged the particular attention of pro- 

 ftffor Bergmann ; and he engaged in the laborious undertak- 

 ing of improving and extending tiie tables of Geoffroy, for 

 which he perceived that, according to his views, no iefs than 

 30,000 experiments would be nccenary. He therefore, 

 under an apprchenfion that his life would not allow the com- 

 pletion of his plan, contented liinifclf with publilhing, 

 what appeared to him to be an imperfeft work, though it 

 was otherwife regarded by the fcicnlific world. His table 

 of fimple affinities is the firft that exhibits the hws of affini- 

 ties as they are obfervcd in the dry way ; and in his fcheme 

 it is feen at once whether the operation takes place in the 

 luimid or dry way ; what are the fubltanccs prefented to each 

 other; their compv-nt parts and proportions ; the nume- 

 rical expreflions of their attractions ; what new compo'inds 

 take place ; and whether they fall down, or fnblime, or re- 

 main in folution, and which of them are thus refpcdtively 

 affcfted. (See Affinity.) In this work, as well as in his 

 work on metallic precipitates, Bergmann, not apprifed of 

 tliofe cflleAs of oxygen, which have been developed in later 

 times, conllders the exilleuce of phlogifton, or a common 

 principle of inflammability, as an acknowledged truth. He 

 alfo admits of the matter of heat as a fclt-exiltenr inde- 

 pendent principle, and feems not to have apprehended that it 

 may be a dillinft modification. Accordingly, thefe two 

 principles enter into many of his explanations of fafts ; but 

 iu all thofe explanations, the matter is arranged with fuch 

 order and perfpicuity, that it is extremely eafy to fubftitute 

 the abforption of oxygen inllead of the extrication of phlo- 

 gifton, and the contrary cffcft wherever the latter imaginary 

 principle, as it is now thought to be, is abforbed. The life 

 of profefTor Bergmann, like that of other ftudious and fcien- 

 tific men, admits ot little variety. Attentive to the duties of 

 his profefTion, he relided conllantly at Upfal, and had the 

 honour to be eleflcd redlor of the univerfity, which in his 

 time was divided into two parties, of theologians and civilians 

 on one fide, and of natural philofophers on the other, be- 

 tween whom Bergmann maintained peace and equality. The 

 king of PrutTia wilhtd to engage the profefTor of Upfal to 

 become a member of his academy, and to remove to Berlin ; 

 but attached to his office, though exhaufted by it, and in a 

 declining ilate of health, which might have been relieved by 

 a warmer climate, an<l under obligations of gratitude to 

 Gullavus, king of Sweden, who had been hisbenefaflor, and 

 who had honoured him with the order of Vafa, he declined 

 the propofal, and remained at Upfal. The difciples of liis 

 fchool, of whom the celebrated Scheele fuftained a very 

 diflinguifhed rank and charaftcr, refledled honour on their 

 mafter, who never failed to encourage their refearches, and 

 to mention their difcovtries in terms of approbation and 

 refpeft. How much lir Torbern Bergmann was eUcemed 

 whilll he lived, in every part of Europe, it is needlefs to 

 fay ; and of his works it is fufficient to obferve, that, not- 

 withllanding the rapid improvements which have taken place 

 fince his time in chemical feience, they will long remain re- 

 pofitories of fafts and reafoning, to which every philofopher 

 muft recur. When it is confidered that he began this pur- 

 fuit rather at a late period of life, and that he made his various 

 difcoveries in the courfe of 17 year?, and that he died before 

 he attained his yoth year, his death will be regretted as a 

 premature event, by which fociety fuftained a very confider- 

 abk lofs. He died on the 8th of July 17X4, at the baths of 

 Medwi in Sweden. His works were very numerous ; the 

 principal of them are as follows : viz. " Opufeula phyfica 

 «t chemica, pleraque feorfim antea edita jam ab audorc col- 

 7 



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lefta, revlfa et aufta j" publiffied in Latin in 3 vols. 8vo, in 

 '779' J7^o> '7^3. and trandated by Dr. GuUcn of Dublin, 

 in 2 vols. 8vo. with illurtrations and notes by the trandator. 

 " Mcditationes de fyllemate foffilium uaturali;" printed in the 

 4th volume of the Tranfaftions at Upfal for 1784, and 

 tranflated into Enghih in 178S, in 8vo. ; " Phyfick 

 Beflvrifnung ocfoer Jordklotet," or phyfical defcription of 

 the earth, in 2 vols, in which he has given lucubrations on 

 the llrudture and form of the earth ; " Efl'ay on the uftful- 

 nefs of Chemil'ry," publiflied in Swedifh in 1779, and tranf- 

 lated into Englifii in 1783, 8vo.; two academical diffi;rtations 

 on the origin and progrefs of chemiftry, intitled " Dc 

 Primordiis Chemix," in 1777, and " Chemire Progrefliis a 

 medio Sxc. vii. ad medium Skc. xvii." in 1782; and " Scia- 

 graphia Minerali;;," or outlines of Mineralogy, firft printed 

 in 1782, at Eeipfic and DcfTau, and tranflated into French 

 by M. Mengez, and into Englifli by Dr. Withering in 17 J3, 

 8vo. Eloge of Bergmann, inferted in the Atts of the 

 Academy of Sciences at Paris for 1784. Coxc's Travels in 

 Sweden, &c. vol. iv. p. 228, &c. Gen. Biog. 



BERGMANNiA,in Entomology, a fpecies of Phal.t~na 

 (Torlri"), with pale yellow wing.s, fpotted with briglit yel- 

 low ; fafcix whitifli, and the tniid bilid ; found in the gar- 

 dens of Germany and northerly parts of Europe. 



BERGOO, in Geography, a dillrift of Abyffinia, fituatc 

 north of Darfur, and fouth of Bornou, between 15" and 19" 

 of N. lat. and between about 24° and 27° 31', E. long. Its 

 capital is Wara, in N. lat. iy° 30'. E. long. 25° 30'. Bergoo 

 is laid to be 15 days or (allowing i2| geographical miles per 

 day), 187I geographical miles in extent, from E. to W. and 

 from N. to S. 20 days, or 250 miles. Within about a 

 day's journey of Wara, are faid to be eight large mountains, 

 the inhabitants of each of which ufe a diilinft language. 

 They are Mahometans, zealoudy attached to the faith; and 

 readthe Korandaily. Theyare faid tobe brave, and furnilh the 

 armies of the fultan of Bergoo with recruits as often as they 

 are required. They make war by fudden incurfions, traverf- 

 ing and laying wafte a large fpace in a (horttime. On thefe 

 occai'ions they leave their women behind, and are therefore 

 better adapted to military operations than the people of 

 Darfur, who never march without a hoft of female attendants. 

 The people of Bergoo fcldom make " felatea," i.e. an ex- 

 pedition to procure flaves by force. Some of the idolatrous 

 nations, dependent upon Bergoo, are re prefented as conduft- 

 ing their wars in a very formidable manner. The combatants 

 never retreat ; and the women behind light a fire, in which 

 they heat the heads of the fpears, and exchange them for 

 fuch as are cooled in the combat. They alfo ufe poifoned 

 weapons. Mr. Browne informs us, that in a remote part of 

 the pagan country, from which flaves are brought, the in- 

 habitants eat the fle(h of prifoners taken in war. They are 

 alfo habituated to ftrip off the fl<in of the hands and faces of 

 their flaughtered foes, which, after undergoing fome prepara- 

 tion, is worn as an emblem of triumph. Their arms, which 

 are a fpear and a javelin, are formed of iron, wrought by 

 themfelvcs. Thefe they make red hot, and flick the point 

 in a tree, where they leave them till the juice is dried ; and in 

 this manner, according to report, they acquire amoft deadly 

 poifon. Browne's Travels in Africa, p. 310. 46S. 



BERGSNYLTRA, in Ichthyology, the name under 

 which LinnEus mentions Lolrus fuillui of Fn. Suec. in It. 

 Wgoth. 179. 



IJEUGSPERLING, in Ornithology, the name oi Fringilla 

 montana in Frifch. birds. 



BERGSTADT, in Geography, a town of Moravia, in the 

 circle of Olmutz, 18 miles north of Olmutz. 



BERGSTRASS, a long traft or tongue of land, on the 

 fide of the Rhine, between Heidelberg and Darmftadt. It 



contains 



