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«}nfidei-ably in melody and modulation, as he lived long 

 enough to fee a great relaxation in the rigour of ancient 

 rules. There is a canon by this conipofer in the firft volume 

 of Paolucci, page ij8, and an excellent A^nus Dei, in 

 P.Martini Sagg.diContrap.il. 127, extracted from his 

 mafs, for four voices, intitled, " Laudate cum lititia, qui 

 fuiftis in trillitia." After fucceeding his father as maellro 

 di capclla to the ekftor of Bavaria, by whom he was honoured 

 v<ith the title of confeiilcr aulique, and publifhing feveral 

 compofitions for the church, replete with muficai fcience of 

 the lirft clafs, he hved till the year 1732, extending his exill- 

 cncc to the great age of eighty -nine. 



Thefe mailers, with ma:iy other good harmoniJls, in the 

 ftyle of the 17th century, fupplied the churches of Italy 

 wHth innumerable compolltions, in which the chief merit con- 

 fided in pure harmony, and the contrivance of canon, fugue, 

 and imitation on fimple and often infipid fubjecls ; but to 

 thefe excellencies the beft moderns have added melody, a more 

 varied modulation, and not only an attention to long and 

 (liort fyllables, but to the exprcffion of words. In the 15th 

 centur}' almoft every mafs was compofed upon the fubjcft of 

 fome well-known fong or ballad ; but thefe aii-s being 

 plalmodic, and a little more lively or varied than canto fermo, 

 admitted of no greater variety of modulation than the ancient 

 chants of the church, upon fragments of which, during the 

 1 6th and part of the 17th centuries, it was thought nectiTary 

 to conllrucl the chief part of choral mufic. Though the 

 prefent ftudents in counterpoint at Naples, and other parts 

 of Italy, iliil exerc'.fe thtmftivcs in harmonizing canto fermo, 

 the writing mafles or motets on the fubjefts of thefe chants 

 is feldom done but in pure pedantry, aid to give an air of an- 

 tiquity to dr\- and fancilefs compofitions. 



The church ftyle of compofition was, however, much 

 altered during the 17th century, not only by the imitation 

 of dramatic mufic, and thenntrodudlion of inftruments, but 

 by writing in tranfpofcd keys, and fupplying the deficiencies 

 in the fcales, which too Uriel an adherence to the fpecies of 

 oftave, and modes of the church, had occafioned. Indeed, 

 before this time, there was no deciiion of keys, either in facred 

 or feeular muGc, according to our prefent rules of beginning 

 and ending upon the chord major or minor, of the key note, or 

 of fome determinate note in the fcale.. The prohibitions were 

 fo numerous in the writings of the old theorifts, that if the 

 moil regular modem compofitions were tried byfuch rules as 

 fubfifted at the beginning of the 17th century, they would 

 appear extremely licentiou?. No part was to be extended 

 above or below the ftafi, or five regular linei, on which it was 

 written ; the combination of chords was never to be broken 

 by moving to an unrtlative harmony ; and the intervals of 

 the iharp feventh, the tritonus, or /harp fourth, falfe fifth, 

 fharp fecond, and ever the major fixth, were prohibited. In- 

 deed, an excellent compofition might now be produced, 

 merely from ancient difailowances. 



BERNACCHI, Antonio, an eminent opera finger, who 

 firil arrived in England in 1716, as fecond man, while Nico^ 

 lini was the firft. Btrnacchi's voice feems to have been 

 feeble and defeftive, but he fupphed the defeds of nature by 

 fo much art, that his performance was always much more ad- 

 mired by profefTors than by the public in general. He ftaid 

 here at this time but one year, after which he went back to 

 Italy; but returned in 17Z9. After quitting the ftagc, 

 Bernacchi eftabiiihed a fchool for finging at Bologna, where 

 he had himfeif been educated, under the celebrated Piftoc- 

 chi, and wlitre he formed feveral admirable Ichoiars, who ren- 

 dered his name and fchool famous. He came to England a 

 fecond time in 1729, but he was now paft his meridian ; his 

 voice was never good, but noiv little was left, except a re- 

 fined tafte, and an aitilicial manner of finging, which only 



Vol. IV. 



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profenbrs, and a few of the m.oft intelligent part of an 

 audience, could fee! or comprehend. After he quitted the 

 ftage, he retired tft Bologna, where he formed fo many gr«t 

 vocal performers by his inftruftions, that to have bien of 

 Bernacchi's fchool was almoft fuincient to cftabuili the repu- 

 tation of a yonng finger. 



BERNADA, or Bernalua, in Geography, a town of 

 Italy, in the kingdom ot Naples, aud province of Calabria 

 Ultra, 5 mile? wcft of St. Severira. 



BERNAGORE.a town of Hindoften. in the country of 

 Bengal, on the taftcni bank of the Ganges, !0 or 12 

 ic igues below Cliinfurah, and 5 milts N.W. of Moorfnedabad. 

 The coarfeft forts of blue handkerchiefs are made here. It 

 is famous on account of the great number of ladies of plea- 

 fure, who refide there, and who pay a monthly rcccgnilioa 

 to the fifcal of Chinfurah, for the free rxtrcife of their pro- 

 feflion. It belonged t<j the Dutch ; but was taken by the 

 Britifh f )rces in October, 1803. 



BERNAL, a hill on the weft coaft of New Mexico, near 

 the coaft, and 4 leagues W.S.W. of the b\:ruing mounlaia 

 of San Salvador. N. lat. about 13°, W. long, about 93'='. 



BERNARD, in Biography, abbot of Clairvaux, and a 

 faint of the Romilh church, was born of a noble laraiiy at 

 Fontauie in Burgundy, in IC91, and educated at the church 

 of Chatillon, where he manifelled at an early period an ardent 

 fpirit of devotion. At the age of 23, he, and ^o of his com- 

 panions, entered into the abbey of Citeaux, lately founded by 

 St. Robert. Here he acquired fuch reputation, that, within 

 two years, viz. A.D. 1 1 1 5, he was deputed, with a colony of 

 monks, to found the abbey of Clairvaux in the dioccfe of 

 Langres, of which he was created the firft abbot, and where 

 he continued, without feeking or accepting any higher pre- 

 ferment. In a fliort time he found himlelf at the head of 7C0 

 novices ; and, by his eloquence ai:d zeal, Clairvaux became 

 a ftminary of the moft diftinguifhed reputation, fo that,, dur- 

 ing the life of the founder, it produced one pope, fix car- 

 dinals, and thirty prelates. In this retreat the influence of 

 Bernard was greater than if he had occupied the throne of 

 St. Peter ; he was confulted as an oracle ; his ceiifures were 

 regarded with awe in the rcmoteft parts of Europe ; and the 

 Ciftercians, by his example, became fo powerful, that he hved 

 to fee the eftablifhment of }6o convents, which acknow- 

 ledged him as their head. Having exerted himfeif in re- 

 ftonng peace to the church, which had been interrupted by 

 the fchifm that had happened between the years 1 131 and 1 13S, 

 he engaged in combating the fuppofed herefy of Abelard, who 

 had propagated fome opinions that were thought to militate 

 againll the doftrines of the church, and fuccecded in procur- 

 ing his condemnation by the council of Sens, in 1140. He 

 alfo refuted the errors of Peter de Bruys (fee Petrobrus- 

 siASs) ; combated the fanaticifm of the Apostolics ; re- 

 filled the monk Raoul, who recommended the extermination 

 of the Jews ; contended- againft the followers of Arnold of 

 Brefcia ; and caufed Oilbcrt de la Porrie, and Eon dc I'Etrile, 

 to be condemned by the council of Rheims, in 1148. But 

 his influence was much more fignally exerted in promoting 

 the fecond crnlade againft the Saracens. In this romantic 

 expedition, he engaged, by his eloquence, Lewis VII. of 

 France, with his principal nobles, and tlie emperor Conrad ; 

 and he boafts, that from Conftance to Cologne, he emptied 

 cities and cailles of their inhabitants, and verified the predic- 

 tion of only one man being left to fevcn women. Miracles of 

 vanous kinds were reported to have attended his million, and 

 he obtained the appellation of " Thaumaturgiil," or wonder- 

 worker of the Weil. The tnterprife which he had entnifted 

 with Conrad and Lewis, proved unfortunate ; and the abbot 

 who had predicted their lucccfs, incurred a variety of cen- 

 fures and reproaches on account of the calamities which he had 

 H h bcea 



