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to the ffirc part of ilie ci.d of the humertjs between the 

 condvlfs. 



TUvre U a fliort miifcle which arifts from the hgamert that 

 conjoins the cliivIcW nrd the lund of llie humerus, and :s m- 

 ftrtcd upon the flat txteri'al fiirfact bitwi-cn the two tnbir- 

 chf. It is an e'cT.Hor of tl'.e wing. It is peculiar to birds, 

 ar.d h^isnot ytt bren dckribed. 



The {Klrtifor culiti eonfills of two portion'; : the one, called 

 by Vic d'rt/ir yhc tKlen/'ji- loi:gu', comes from the jnudion 

 of the fork and feapida ; the othtr arifes in a forked man- 

 ner from the polltrior furface of the humerus, and is the 

 txlenj'or ir.-vis. 



Ihc iwcniiiviis minor of Cuvier is tlie oite-nal and lower 

 part of the exUnfor brei'is. It is a dilU[;d muiclc iu the 

 fo'wU though not in the goofc. 



Althoujjh the bones of the fore arm do not admit o{ pro- 

 nalion iwA J'upiiial'wii, the nnii'clcs which perform thcfc mo- 

 tions in other animals, cxitl iu birds, ai:d anfwtr different 

 purpofcs. 



The fiipinn/ors refemble thofe of the human fubjeft. The 

 longus terminates on the ilylc of the metacarpal bone, and 

 ftrves both to bend the arm on the humerus, and extend the 

 metacarpus, or lower part of the wing. T\\c fiipiiiator Ire- 

 vis bends the fore arm. The place of the pronator t<-res is 

 fupplicd by two mufcks very much like it in fhape ; they 

 ail as flexors of the fore arm. There is a triangular mufcle 

 which in I'ome degree tills the fituation of tXin pronator qua- 

 dralus ; it arifcs from the end of the ulna, and fends a broad 

 tendon over the carpns to the higln.fl feabrous furface on the 

 metacarpal bone. It extends the hand, or lower part of the 

 wing, giving it at the fame time a degree of pronation, 

 which the carpal joint permits, in order to render the wing 

 concave when it is exttnded. 



The fexors and exienfors, fituatcd on the fore arm of 

 birds, refemble in fhape and arrangement generally thofe of 

 the human fubjeff, but commonly have their ufes changed, 

 and often even re^•crfed, in confequence of the difference 

 in the figure of the bones and the plan of their articu- 

 lations. 



The mnfcle which correfponds in fituation to the extcn- 

 for carpi iilnnris, performs the motion which is called flex- 

 ion of the lower part of the wing. 



There is a llrong mufcle arifmg from the external condyle 

 of the humerus, and implanted into the fide of the idna op- 

 potUe the radius, for almofl its whole length. It railes 

 the fore arm on the radiu";, and fecms to be the mufcle called 

 by Vic A' A7.\x Jlexor profundus. 



The mufcle analogous to the extenfnr pollicis /ongus, has 

 its tendon infertcd into the ftyle of the metacarpus, and 

 into the Ihort abduftor. It extends the hand on the fore 

 arm. 



The ulnar JJexor bends the parts of the wing. 



TheJIcxorfublimis comes from the internal condyle, is at- 

 tached to the lower carpal bone, and fends a tendon to the 

 bafe of the firft joi.t of the principal finger, bends the hand, 

 but extends the finger. 



T\\eJ}vxor digitorum profundus arifes from the inner furface 

 of the ulna ; its tendon palTes over a little pulley on the me- 

 tacarpal bone, and terminates on the end of the lafl joint 

 of the principal finger, which it extends, but bends the 



The extenfor communis digitorum and indicator arife from 

 the external condyle and infide of the radius. They fend 

 tendons to the firtl and lall joints of the principal finger, 

 which they extend. 



The fingers of birds are fumifhed with many fhort muf- 

 clcs ; and uotwithflanding they are very palpable, feem to 



B I R 



have efcaped the obfervation of Cuvier and otlier ana- 

 tomilb. 



Thtfexor Irevis pollicis comes from the infide of the head 

 of the metacarpal bone to the flat furface of the bone of the 

 thun.b. The csltifor Irevis pollicis proceeds from the trian- 

 gidar furface of the metacarpus, behind the jiint, to the bafe 

 of the thumb. The abduSor pollicis is extended between the 

 flvle of the metacarpal bone and the outer edge of the bone 

 of the poUe::. The adduHor pdlicis is expanded between 

 the branch of the metacarpus and the bone of the thumb. 

 The abduHor, or extenfor brcvis 'ndicls, is extended all along 

 the radial edge of the metacarpal bone, and is fpread upon 

 the root of the firfl joint of the principal finger. It brings 

 the finger into a line with the metacarpus. The adduclor 

 indicis comec from the ulnar fide of the large branch of the 

 metacarpus to the root of the firfl joint of th.e fore fiufrer. 

 The abduSor minimi digiti lies along the ulnar edge of the 

 fmall branch of the metacarpus ; and as the little finger is 

 tied to the other by ligament, this mufcle produces the late- 

 ral flexion or abduction of both. The lafl is the inttrujfcus ; 

 it fills the fpate between the branches of the metacarpus, 

 and its tendon pafles along the back of the principal finger 

 to the extremity ; it btnds the firfl joint laterally, and ex- 

 tends the rcll of the finger. 



The mifcles of the loiuer extremity are very numerous in 

 birds, and pofTefs ieveral peculiarities, uotwithflanding the 

 motions of tl.is member are fo fimple. The articulation of 

 the femur with the pelvis permits the thigh to move freely 

 forwards ^nd backwards, but does not allow it to be carried 

 under the body, or far outward?. The motions of all the 

 other joints of the inferior extremity are merely flexion and 

 extenfion. 



In confequence of the form of the pelvis, the iliaciis, the 

 pfoas magnus and parvus, the obturator externus and quadra- 

 tus Inmborum, do not cxilt in birds. Cuvier alfo flates the 

 piriformis and gemini to be wanting ; but we have feeu a 

 little mufcle which pafTes from the projeClion above the ace- 

 tabulum to the trochanter, which appears to fupply the 

 place of the pyriformis. 



The obturator inlcrnus is generally a large mufcle, and paffes 

 over a pulley at the fore part of the foramen ovale, where it 

 receives two little flips analogous to the gemini : they are in- 

 feited into the outer part of the trochanter. 



There are three gluteal mufchs, as in quadrupeds. The 

 gluteus maximus is attached by a broad thin tendon to the 

 prominence along the dorfum of the ilium, covers the out- 

 fide of the thigh, and contributes to form the extenfor ten- 

 don on the fide of the knee. The anterior part of this muf- 

 cle correfponds to the tenfor "vaginie femoris. The gluteus 

 medins occupies its ufaal fituation. The gluteus minimus 

 is a maffy mufcle, fo much placed on the anterior ed:.;e of 

 the ilium, that Vic d'Azir confidcred it (perhaps not im- 

 properly) as the iliacus. It brings the thigh direftly for- 

 wards, and rotate? the knee inwards.. 



The mufcle analogous to the qua dratus femoris is large 

 and of a pyramidal fhape. It retradts the thigh. 



The extenfor mufcles of the leg refemble thole of mam- 

 malia. The iwiflus internus fends its tendon to be dillinctly 

 attached to the head of the tiliia. The fartorius alfo is an 

 extenfor of the leg on the thigh. 



There are three fexors of the leg : one, which, although 

 fingle, is, from its infertion into the back of the fibula, ana- 

 logous to the biceps of t'le human fnbjett ; another, on the 

 infide, is attached to the tendon of the extenfors of the heel, 

 as well as to the tibia. This mufcle might be called either 

 gracilis or femimcmbranofis, for it rtfembles both. I'lie third 

 flexor is in the middle. It comes from the ifchium ; and as 



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