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l^roovcd i-ollei!, in tlie iedlion of which a reprefeiits the fills, 

 or bottom timbers ; I b, the two fupports or fide pieces ; c, 

 one of the upright pieces in which the axles of the rollers 

 art placed ; dd, the two crofs pieces lo fecure the frame 

 \vork below; e e, the two rollers with fjrooved channels 

 which tit to each other ; h, one of thi; levers, which, from 

 a point /, fliewn by dotted lines, prefleson the round en3 of 

 the axle of the top roller, more or lefs, according as the 

 weight k is placed on the lever further from or nearer to 

 the axi? of the roller. 



In the geometrical elevali in of the fame machine, ce (hews 

 a front view of the two rollers ; ^^i^, the wincli to turn it, 

 with a lioUow wood handle upon the iion work ; /, the axis 

 of the upper roller projeiling beyond the fide timber, fo as 

 to admit one of the levers h above mentioned to prcfs upon it. 



The wet goods, by being pafTcd backwards and forwards 

 through thefe fluted rollers, wiiich are conilruc^ed at a much 

 lefs expence than wafli-whcels, are confidcrably cleanfed, 

 but not fo perfectly as by the wafli-wheeis above men- 

 tioned. 



Fig. 7. Plate II. explains another mode of cleanfing 

 goods, and is applicable to cotton, linen, or woollen goods, 

 but more generally to the two laft, as, without great ciire 

 in its management, it is very apt to tear or damage cotton 

 goods. This machinery isufually termed falling flocks, or 

 falling hammers. N° 1. is the axle of the water-wheel, in 

 which are fixed tappets at 2, to raife alternately the levers 

 3, 4, furnifli.-d with large wooden mallets or hammer heads 

 C, 8, channelled at the lower part as at 8. Thefe lever ham- 

 mers or fallers, work from a pin fixed in the upright at 7 j 

 9 is a ftrong piece of timber hollowed out at 10, to receive 

 the goods to be clearfed ; II, a piece of timber fixed a-flant 

 to keep the fallers in their proper place, and direft their 

 motion ; 12, a chain faftened to each faller, ferving by 

 means of the hook 13, to fufpend the faller whilft the goods 

 are put in or taken out of the cavity 10. 



When the goods to be cleanfed are placed in a loofe 

 bundle in this cavity, the hummers arc let down upon them, 

 and put in motion alternately by the tappets 2, in rota- 

 tion, which raife the levers to a certain height, and then 

 quitting them, the hammer heads by their great weight, fall 

 with great force on the goods in the cavity below them ; and 

 a current of clear water being admitted upon the goods irom 

 a cock above them, the dirty water runs out at a hole in the 

 bottom of the cavity. The falling of the hammers gives a 

 flow circular motion to the goods in the cavity, fo as to 

 expofe the feveral parts in rotation to the aftion of the 

 hammers. 



Having noticed the veffels made ufe of in bleaching, and 

 the general nature of the feveral operations, we (hall now 

 proceed to mention the origin of the feveral improvements 

 made in this art, and their application to praiftice. 



Under the operation of ftceping, we havefhewn the method 

 of removing the colouring matters not natural to the vege- 

 table, but acquired in the manufafture, and which may pro- 

 bably be beil done by water alone, though fometimes fome 

 of the old leys, which have been previoudy nfed to other 

 cloth, are employed to this piirpofe. After the lleeping, 

 and indeed after evei-y application of bleaching agents, it 

 fhould be laid down as a general rule, that the cloth or 

 goods be carefully wafhed in cold water. 



In the old method of bleaching, alkalies, fuch as pearl or 

 pot-a(hes, were, after .lecping, applied by bucking or boil- 

 ing, with alternate expofure to the atmofphere. 



Alkalies aftiiig fo important a part, it is necelfai-y to de- 

 fcribe the bleachers' mude of ufmg them, which confifts in 

 diffolving them in clean water, and thus forming what is 



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termed an alh-ley. To which the more intelligent bleacher, 

 if he does not make ufe of American pot-a(h, or that of a 

 fimilar quality, adds 3 of quicklime, whereby the a(hes are 

 rendered caullic, and their power materially augmented. 

 But in order that no inconvenience may arile from caullicity, 

 after mixture, the whole is allowed to fettle, arid from the 

 pure liquor thereof the work is afterwards fiipplied ; the 

 bleacher, in drawing it off, rtducin.< it by the addition of 

 water to the different ftrengths which the gouds may req'iire. 



The ley being prepared, the bleacher proceeds to apply 

 it to the cloth by bucking or by boiling. 



In bi'tking, the alkaline ley is put into the boikr be- 

 fore dtfcribed, near to and below which is the wooden vefiel 

 called a kier, in which the goods are looiVly and regulaily 

 arranged. After ttiia, a fire is put under the boiler, and 

 beginning whilff the ley is yet cold, it i,-; made to circulate 

 through the cloth in the kier, from which it runs into the 

 iron vcffel placed in the ground, from this it is pumped up 

 into the boiler, and again returned upon the cloth in the 

 kier; and this circulation is maintained, and the heat at the 

 fame time increafed, until the ley be fo far concentrated by 

 evaporation, as at lall to remain alni(;ll wholly in the cloth. 

 '1 uis is generally the operation of a day, and the cloth is 

 allowed afterwands to remain thus impregnated with the 

 concentrated ley until next morning. 



In boiling in alkaline leys, the mode of which has been 

 before dcfcribed, tlie operation is cont'uued from one hour 

 to five or fix hours, but it is more tedious and lefs effectual 

 than bucking, where much bufincfs is to be done. 



After bucking or boiling, the goods were, by the old 

 bleaching procefs, expofed for at Icafl a week to tlie air, 

 before they were again fubmitted to the a£lion of aUialine 

 leys, and this procefs alternately repeated many times, till 

 the goods were perfecily white, and the goods at lall feared 

 and walhed off. 



To explain the old method of Ikac'nng more particularly, 

 we (hall add the following procefs for bleaching hnen cloth. 



Steep your raw hnen cloth in a wood veiicl all night, 

 then change the water, and add frefh till you perceive the 

 water to be no hinger difcoloured by it ; rmle, wring, and 

 lay it on the ground, and water it if you have opportunity. 

 When It has thus lain on the grals three or four days, and is 

 dry, take hold of each piece one after the other by the fel- 

 vedge, and draw the cloth to you, tlill holding it in the moll 

 even manner you can, until you get the further end, with the 

 corners of which further end you tie the cloth very loofcly in 

 the middle of the folds, and fo lay it in the bucking tub, with 

 the two felvedges upwards. 



Tluis proceed till you have placed as much cloth in your 

 tub as will cover the bottom of it, taking care not to pack. 

 the cloth fo clofe but that your ley may penetrate every part 

 equally. When you have laid tlie firfl range of cloth in yo'.:r 

 tub, pour upon it as much milk-warm ley as will fufficiently 

 foak through all parts of your cloth. Then lay another ranpe 

 in the fame manner upon the fir(l, and pour on more ley till 

 that be toaked as the other was, and continue fo to do till 

 your bucking tub be full of cloth. 



That done, you mull begin to buck for twelve hours to- 

 gether, the remainder of your ley having been put in the 

 pan with a (low fire underneath. For the firfl five hours the 

 ley Ihoald not be of a boihng heat ; you mull from time to 

 time allow fome of the ley to run out of the pan upon the 

 cloth in the bucki.ig tub ; then iacreafe your fire gradually 

 and flowly, fo as in four hours more to bring it to a boil, 

 continuing to put on the ley, and diaw it off your cloth ia 

 fmall quantities at a time. When your ley begins to boil, 

 you mull let it boil on for three hours, during the whole 



time 



