BOA 



with all the other timbers, both in the fore and after-body, 

 anil we (hall have the points through which the curve mull 

 pafs. If this flio'.ild not prove a fair curve, it mult be al- 

 tered, obfirvinji to conform to the points, as ntaily as the 

 nature of the curve will admit ; and, therefore, it may be 

 carried within one point and without another, accorJiiig as 

 the timbers will allow. For after all the ribband liiics are 

 formed, the timbers muft, if ntccfrary, be altered by the rib- 

 band lines ; this is only the reveife of forming thcfe hnes ; for 

 taking the portions of the ftveral perpendicuhirs intercepted 

 between the line KL, and the curve of the ribband line in the 

 floor plan, and fetting them off upon the diagonal, from the 

 point wiiere it interfects the middle line, we (liall have th: 

 points in the diagonal through which the curves of the tim- 

 bers mull pafs. Thus the dillance between the line KL., 

 and the ribband at timber 3, on the floor plan, when tranf- 

 ferrcd to the body plan, will extend on the diagonal from 

 the middle line to the point where the curve of timber 3 in- 

 terfefts that diagonal. The like may be faid of all the other 

 timbers ; and if ftveral ribband lines be formed, they may be 

 fo contrived that their diagonals in the body plan fiiall be 

 at fuch ditlances, that a point for every timber being given 

 in each diagonal, will be fuflicient to determine the form ot 

 all the timbers. 



Ill llationing the timbers upon the keel, for a boat, there 

 muft be room for two futtocks in the fpace before, or abaft 

 © ; for which reafon the dillance between thele two timbers 

 will be as much more than that between the other, as the 

 timber is broad. Here it is between © and (A), which con- 

 tains the diftances between © and (i), and the breadth of 

 the timber befides. 



Tile timbers being now formed, and proved by ribband and 

 water lines, proceed then to form the tranfom; fafliiou-pieces, 

 &c. ; fee thefe articles. 



This metliod of whole moulding will not anfwer for the 

 long timbers afore and ab;ift. They are generally canted in 

 the fame manner as thofe for a Ihip. In order to render this 

 method more complete, we fliall here defcribe the manner of 

 nioolding the timbers after they are laid down in the mould 

 loft, by a r\f,ng fquare, lend, and holh'-jii mould. 



It was (hewn before how to form the timbers by the bend 

 ■and hollow moulds in the draught. The lame method mull be 

 ufed in the loft ; but the moulds muft be made to their proper 

 fcantliuL's in real feet and inches. Now, when they are let, 

 as before dircded, (or moulding each timber, let the middle 

 line in the body plan be drawn acrofs the bend mould, and 

 draw a line acrufs the hfUlow mould at the point where it 

 touches the upper edge of the keel ; and let them be marked 

 with the proper name of the timber, as in_yfy. 4. The gra- 

 duatio.is of the bend mould will therefore be e.xacTily the lame 

 as the narrowing of the breadth. Thus, the dillance between 

 © and 7 on the bt nd mould is equal to the difference be- 

 tween the half breadih of timber 7 and that of ®. The height 

 of ti'.e head of each timber is likewife marked on the bend 

 mould, and alfo the floor and breadth firmarks. The floor 

 firmark is in that point where a ftraight edged batten touches 

 the back of tl;e btnd mould, the batten being fo placed as 

 to touch the lower edge of the keel at the fame time. The 

 fevcral rifings rf the floor, and heights of the cutting-down 

 line are m;irked on the rifmg fquare ; and the half-breadth of 

 the keel fet olf from the llde of it. 



The moulds being thus prepared, we fliall apply them to 

 mould timber 7. The timber btmg (irft pioperly lided to its 

 breadth, Liy the bend mould upon it, fo as may bell a:ifwer 

 the -ouiid a-cording to the grain of the wood ; then lay the 

 rifing fquare to the bottom of the bend mould, fo that the 

 iijjc draw.i acrofs the bead mould at timber 7 may coincide 



BOA 



with the line reprefenting the middle of t'.ie keel upon the 

 rifing fquare; and draw a line upon the timber by the fide of 

 the Iquare ; or let the line be fcored or cut by a tool made for 

 that purpofe, called a rajVin^ hnifi:; this line lo rafed will be the 

 fide of the keel. Then the fquare mufl be moved till the fide of 

 it comes to 7 on the bend mould, and another line mufl be rafed 

 in by the fide of it, to rcprefent the middle of the keel. The 

 other fide of the keel muft likewile be raled after the fame 

 maimer, and the point 7 on the rifing fquare be worked on 

 each fide of the keel, and a line rafed acrofs at tfiefe points to 

 reprefent the upper edge of tlie keel. From t:iis line the 

 heitrlit oftbc cuaiug down line at 7 muft be fet up, and then 

 the rifing fquare may be taken away, and the timber may be 

 rated by the bend mould, both mfide and cutfide, from the 

 head to the floor firmark ; or it may be carried lower if ne- 

 cefiary. Alter the firmarks and heads of the timbers are 

 marked, the bend mould may likewife be taken away ; and 

 then the hollow mouldappliedto the back of thefweep in fuck 

 a manner, that the point 7 upon it may interfetl the upper fide 

 of the keel, before fet oft by the rifing (quare j and, when 

 in this ptifition, the timber may be raied by it, which 

 will com.plete the outfide of the timbers. The infide of the 

 timbers may hkewile be formed by the hollow mould. Tfic 

 (eantling at the keel is given by the cutting down before 

 fet off. The mould mufl be fo placed as to touch thefweep 

 of the infide of the timber formed before by the bend mould, 

 and pafs through the cutting down point. 



The ufe of the fi'^marks is to find the true places of the 

 futtocks ; for, as they are cut olT three or four inches fhort 

 of the keel, they mull be fo placed that the futtock and 

 floor firmarKs may be compared and coincide. Notwith- 

 flandnig which, if the timbers are not very carefully 

 ' trimm d, the head of the tuttcck may be either within or 

 without its proper iialf breadth, to prevent which a half 

 breadth llaff is made ufe of. 



The half breadth liaff may be one inch fquare, and of any 

 convenient length. Upon one fide of it are fet oft', from 

 one end, the feveral half breadths of all the timbers in the 

 after-body; and tliofe of the fore-body, upon the oppolite 

 fide. On the other two fides are fet off the feveral heights 

 of the ftieer ; the after-body on one fid.e, and the fort-body 

 on its oppofite. Two fidej of the ftaff are marked half- 

 breadihs, and the other two fides heights ofihcficcr. 



The ftaff being thus prepared, and the floor timbers fatt- 

 ened on the keel, and levtlled acrofs, the futtocks mufl 

 next be falUiied to the floor timbers ; but they muft be fet 

 firll to their proper half breadth and height. The half breadth 

 ttalf, with the affiftancc of the ram-line, ftrves to fet them 

 to the half breadth ; for as the keel of a beat is generally 

 perpendicular to tiie horizon, therefore the line, at which the 

 plummet is fufpended, and which is moveable on the ram- 

 hne, will be perpendicular to the keel, whence we m.ay by 

 it fet the timbers perpendicular to the keel, and then fet 

 them to their proper half breadths by the ftaif ; and when 

 the two firmarks coincide, the futtock will be at its proper 

 height, and may be nailed to the floor tim.bers, and alfo to 

 the breadth ribband ; which may be fet to the height of the 

 ftieer, by a level laid acrofs, taking the height of the flieer 

 by the ftaff, from the upper fide of the keel ; by which 

 means we ftiall difcover if the ribband is cxadlly the height 

 of the iheer ; aud if rot, the true height may be fet off by 

 a pair of compalfes from the level, and marked on the 

 timbers. 



Juvenal ( fat. xv. v. 176—128,) defcribes the boats of the 

 ancient Egyptians, as if they were earthen-ware ; and it is 

 alleged, that fuch earthen-ware ftiips were ufed on the Nile, 

 and that they were called " pia*," painted, becaufe thefe 



boats 



