B O L 



BOLCIIERETSKOI, a town of Kamfchatka. N. lat, 

 52° 54' 30°. E. long. 156° 37' 30". 



BOLCHOF, or BoLKOF, a town and diftria of Ruflia, 

 in the government of Orel, featcd on the river Nugra, fall- 

 in? into the Occa ; 32 miles N. N. W. of Orel. 



'BOLD SHORE, in Sea Language, a fteep coaft or fliore, 

 fo that (liips may approach clofe to it. 



BOLDSON, an ifland of Sweden, in the province of 

 Halfingland, having a good harbour. 



BOLE, in Mineralogy, Bol, Germ. Bol, Fr. ArglUa bolus, 

 Werner. The colour of bolo is generally an obfcure Ifa- 

 bella yellow, or reddifh, or whitidi brown ; it is alfo fome- 

 times, though rarely, met with of a greyifli ytUow, or fledi- 

 red ; its furfacc is often marked witli black, fpots and den- 

 dritic fin-ures. It occurs generally maffive, feldom ditfemi- 

 nated. Internally it exiiibits a (light ghmmering luftre. Its 

 fraifture is perfectly conchoidal. It flies, when broken, into 

 irregular, fliarp-edged fragments. The dark coloured va- 

 rieties are opaque, the lighter colo\ired are more or lefs tranf- 

 lucid. It hasagreafy feel ; adheres ftrongly to the tongue ; 

 gives a (hining llrca'k ; is very foft, and eafily frangible. 

 Sp. gr. 1.4 to 2. 



When put into water it abforbs a portion with great ea- 

 gcrnefs, and then breaks down into fmall fragments, with a 

 verv fenl'ible crackling noife; but is not reduced to an im- 

 palpable powder. When finely pulveri/.ed, and difFufed 

 through boiling water, it remains fufpended in this fluid a 

 much lefs time than any of the plallic clays, and is entirely 

 feparable by the filter. 



Before the blow.pijje it turns black, and melts without 

 add'tion, though with fomc difficulty, into a porous, greenifli, 

 grey flag. 



According to a fomeuhat inaccurate analyfis of Bergman, 

 the I..emnian bole contains 



Siliceous powder ... - 47. 

 Carbonated lime ... 5.4 

 Carbonated magncfia . . 6.2 

 Alumine . - - - - 21. 

 Oxyd of iron - - - 5-4 

 Moifture and volatile matter 17. 



J02.0 

 Bole occurs in beds of wakke at Strigau in Silefia, and 

 in bafalt at Scheibenbcrg in Saxony ; it is found alfo in 

 Tufcany and Sienna in Italy, and in the ifland Lemnos in 

 the Archipelago. 



The only ufe of bole, at prefcnt, is as a coarfe red pig- 

 ment ; for which purpofe it is calcined and levHgated, and is 

 vended in Germany under the names of Berlin and Englifli 

 red. Anciently, however, a very high rank was afligned to 

 bole among the articles of the Materia Medica ; it was con- 

 fidered as a powerful aftringcnt, fudorihc, and alexipharmic, 

 that from Armenia and Lemnos being particularly efteemed. 

 The Lemnian bole^ in the time of Diofcorides, was dug up in 

 the prefence of the priells of Venus, and after being mixed 

 by thtm with goats' blood, was moulded into cakes, which 

 were impreffed with the figure of a goat, in order to authen. 

 ticate them ; hence it was called Z?.§a-,i; ci.i-)<i:,fioiUum capri- 

 num. It (fill continued to be a confccrated remedy even in 

 the 1 6th century ; according to I'elon, the vein was opened 

 annually on the 6th of Augull, and, after prayers faid by the 

 pricll:;, as much of the earth was taken out as was thought 

 fufficient for the enfuing year ; the entrance to the vein was 

 then clofed, and the fevertll punilhments were denounced 

 againll any one who (hould open it without permiflion. Part 

 of the earth was fent to Conllantinople, where it was made up 

 into fraall cakes, and received the fcal of the emperor j the 



BOL 



retrainder was prepared in the ifland itfelf, and was impreffed 

 with the feal of the governor. The profits of this manu- 

 fatture were too confiderable not to be encroached upon, and 

 the bolar earths, and even the clayey marls of Italy, France, 

 and Germany, obtained a place in the Materia Medica, 

 under the general name of TervitfigtUatie, from which, how- 

 ever, they, together with the Lemnian earth, have been at 

 length defervedly excluded. 



Bole is alfo ufcd for the body or trunk of a tree ; and 

 hence bohng trees are thofe whofe heads and branches are 

 cut off. 



BOLEMOW, in Geography, a fmall town of Poland, iB 

 the palatinate of Rawa. 



BOLENA, a town of the Morea, in the duchy of Cla- 

 rence, 5 leagues from the gulf of Lepanto ; the fee of a 

 bifliop, fuffragan of the archbifhop of Patras. 



BOLENBERG, a fmall town of the duchy of Mecklen- 

 burg, on the Baltic. 



BOLENE, or BoLLENE, a town of France, in the de- 

 partment of Vauclufe, and chief place of a canton in the 

 dillricl of Orange, 3 leagues north of Orange. The town 

 contains 4064, and the canton io,S';2, inhabitants; the 

 territory comprehends i2>-k kiliumetres, and 7 com- 

 munes. 



BOLENL'E, or Bod.'e, in Natural HiJIory, a name given 

 by ancient writers to a fort of ftone of a roundifli figure, and 

 marked wuh leveral ndges and lines. They are fuppofed to 

 be the fame with thofe called Bronl'is and Omlr'iiz, both 

 bei' g imagined to fall from the clouds in time of thunder- 

 ftorms ; but they are really no other than a common fpecies 

 of Echtnitie. 



BOLERA, in Geography, a town of Spain in Arragon, 

 4 leagues from Huefca. 



BOLERAZ, a fmall town of Lower Hungar)', in the 

 upper outward dillrift of the county of Prelburg. 



BOLES KO, a town of Hungary, 28 miles north of 

 Topoltzan. 



BOLESLAW, or BuNTZLAWi a circle of Bohemia, on 

 the confines of Lufatia and Silefia, from wliich it is fcpa- 

 rated by mountains. The capital is Buntzlaw. 



BOLESLAWIEC, a town of Poland, in the palatinate 

 of Siradia, 24 miles S.S.W. of Siradia. 



BOLETUS, in Botany (Gr. /SiXirvi,-, from its globular 

 form), a genus of the clafs cryptogamia, and of the order 

 fungi, formed by Linnseus, and dillinguiflied from the agarics 

 by having what is generally the lower furface conipofcd of 

 tubes inftead of gills. The name was given by the Romans 

 to a fpecies of efculent fungus, efteemed by them a great de- 

 licacy, and celebrated by their hiftorians and poets for being 

 the vehicle of the poifon adminiftered to Claudius Cxfar, by 

 his wife the younger Agrippina. This has been generally 

 fuppofed by modern botanilts to be the Jtgaricus xeratnpelinus, 

 thence called by Scheffer Cxfareus ; but Withering thinks it 

 was the deliciofus of Linnaeus. See Agaric 



Among the moderns it wasfirft adopted as a generic name 

 byTournefortjwho applied ittothecommon morel, the fungus 

 favaginofus of fome of the older botanills, afterwards referred 

 by Linnaeus to his genus phallus. La Marck, difpleafed 

 with Linnxus for altering Tournelbrt's names, has reftored 

 the name boletus to the morel, and has ieparated it from 

 phallus on account ol its not being perforated at its fummit. 

 He has, in confequence, divided Linnoeus's genus boletus in- 

 to two ; calling ihofe tliat are feffile and woody, agaricus, 

 and thofe that are pedicclled and foft, fuillus. The Linnaean 

 agaricus he has named amanita, as Dillerius and Haller had 

 done before him. Juflieu and Poiret concur with him in 

 thefe alterations. But this, as Bofc well obftrves (Nouveau 



Didicaaire, 



