B O L 



models in architcfture and fortification, a valuable collec- 

 tion of medals, and another of natural curiofities, as animals, 

 earths, ores, minerals; and a complete colleftion, to affiil the 

 ftudy of the materia medica, and every part of natural hif- 

 tory. There is alfo a gallery- of ftatues, confifting of a few 

 originals, and very fine calls of the beft ftatues in Italy. 

 Honorary premiums are diftributed every year among the 

 artifts, for the beft defigns in painting, fculpture, and 

 architefture. 



The anatomical theatre is adorned with ftatues of cele- 

 brated phyficians ; and the mufeum belonging to it fuppiies 

 an abundance of anatomical preparations, and a complete 

 fuite of anatomical figures in wax : a man and woman are 

 exhibited in the natural ftate; the fame with the 11-cin and 

 cellular membrane removed, fo that the external mufcles of 

 the whole body and limbs appear. In the fubfequent figures 

 the more external mufclea are gradually removed, till no- 

 thing but the finiple Ikeleton remains. Thefe figures are 

 ver)- well formed, preferving the natural appearance and 

 Ctuation of the mnfclesand blood-veflcls with as great exac\- 

 nefs as could be expefted in a work of this nature. There 

 are alfo models in wax, of particular parts, and of feveral of 

 the vifcera of the human body ftparately. 



The inhabitants of Bulogua carry on a veiy conCderable 

 trade in filks and^ velvets, and leather bottles, which are ma- 

 nufaftured here in great perfedlion. The country produces 

 imraenfe quantities of oil, wine, honey, wax, flax, and hemp ; 

 and furnifhes all Europe with hams, dried tongues, faul'ages, 

 macaro"i, fweetmeat, olive, perfumes, wafh-balls, liqueurs, 

 and effences. The people are induftriou?, and allowed to 

 enjoy the fruits of their labour ; the nuns arc very ingenious 

 in making artificial flowers, and imitating fruits of various 

 kinds; and very beautiful works are alfo made of walnut- 

 tree and rock-cr)-ftal. The markets are plentifully fupplied 

 with provifions ; fruit is had in great variety, and of excel- 

 lent quality ; and the common wme af the country is a light 

 white wine of an agreeable tafte, which is preferred by 

 ftrangers to any of the French or German wines that may be 

 had there. The inhabitants, in general, are facetious and 

 polite to ftrangers, who may receive at Bologna every kind 

 of accommodation that may fuit their tafte. 



Bologna long retained the name of a republic, fent an 

 ambaftador to the pope's court, and the word " Libertas" 

 was infcrlbed on the arms and coin of the ttate, with the 

 flattering capitals S. P. Qj^R. The civil government and 

 police of the town were allowed to remain in the hands of the 

 magiftrates, who were chofen by the fenate, which formerly 

 confifted of 40 members ; but fince this republic came under 

 the protection, as it is called, of thepope, he thought proper to 

 add ten more ; but the whole 50 ttili retain the name of the 

 " Quaranta." One of the fenators prefided in the fenate, and 

 was called the " Gonfalonier," from his carrj ing the ftandard 

 (Gopfalone) of the republic. He was the chief magiftrate, 

 was atteiided by guards, and was conftantly at the palace, or 

 near it, to be ready on any emergency ; but he remained 

 only two months in office, and the fenators took it by turns. 

 In the midft of all this appearance of independence, a cardinal 

 legate from Rome governed this republic ; he was appointed 

 by the pope, with a vice-legate, and other affiftants. The 

 orders which the legate iflued, were fnppofed to be with the 

 approbation of the fenate ; or at leaft, they never difputed 

 the office, wliich was of higher dignity than any other in the 

 gift of the court of Rome, and continued for three years ; at 

 the expiration of that time, his holincfs either appointed a new 

 legate, or confirmed the old one in the office for three years 

 longer. This ecclefiaftical viceroy lived in great magnifi- 

 cence, and had a numerous fuite of pages, equerries, and hal- 



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berdiers, who attended him in the city. '\^Tien he went into 

 the country, he was accompanied by guards on horfeback. 

 The gonfalonier and magiftrates regulated all the ufual mat- 

 ters which regarded the police, and decided, in commou 

 caufes, according to the laws and ancient forms of the re- 

 pubhc ; but in affairs of great importance, and, indeed, aj 

 often as he chofe to interfere, the cardinal legate without 

 doubt influenced all decifions. This muft be mortifying tn 

 the fenators and noble families ; but was lefs felt by the 

 people in general, who exhibited every appearance of living 

 under a mild and beneficent government. Bologna was the 

 fee of an archbidiop ; who had for his fuffragans the biftiops 

 of Crema, Borgo, St. Domino, Modena, Parma, Piacenza, 

 and Reggio. Bologna is 2J miles S.W. of Modena, ?.nd 145 

 N.W. ofRome. N. lat. 44" 29' 36". E.Iong. 1 1'^ 2 i' 15". 

 Keyfler's Travels, vol. iii. p. 247. Moore's View of Society, 

 Sec. in Italy, vol.i. p. 252. See Bolognese. 



Bologna Bottles. See Unannealfd Bottles. 



Bologna Stone. See Bunonian Stone, and Phos- 

 phorus. 



BOLOGNE, in Geography, a town of France, in the 

 department of the Upper Marne, and chief p!ace of a can- 

 ton in the diftritt of Chaumont, 6 miles north of Chau- 

 mont. 



BOLOGNESE, Francisco, in Btograph-;, an eminent 

 painter of landlcape and hifton,-, whofe original name was 

 Frandjco Gnnmldi, was born at Bologna, in 1606, and edu- 

 cated in the fchool of Annibal Caracci. He completed his 

 ftudies at Rcmt ; and his improvement was fuch, as to at- 

 tradl the attention of pope Innocent X. by whom he was 

 employed both in the gallery of his palace at Monte Cavallo, 

 and in the Vatican. Among his numerous admirers and 

 friends were the prince Pamiili, the pope's nephew, and 

 many of the principal nobility at Rome ; Lewis XIV. and 

 cardinal Ma:iarin at Paris, who procured for him a large 

 penfion, and employed him in decorating the Louvre ; and 

 after his return to Italy, the popes Alexander VII. and 

 Clement IX. He was peculiarly happy in his execution of 

 landfcape : and was diftinguillicd by his frefti and bold co- 

 louring, light and fine touch, and an elegant mode of com.- 

 pofition. His landfcapes in the manner of Caracci are mo- 

 dels of the ftyle of that fchool, though the colouring of them 

 n thought to be fomewhat too green. He underftood arclii- 

 teflure, and alfo etched, with great freedom, talle, and fpirit, 

 a great number of landfcapes, partly from his own defigns, 

 and five after Titian. His agreeable manners and amiable 

 difpofition attached univerfal efteem. His benevolence was 

 fingiilarly manifefted towards a Sicilian gentleman and his 

 daughter, who had retired to Rome from the troubles of his 

 country. They lodged near him, and were known to be fo 

 poor as to want bread. As f .on as Bologncfe was apprized 

 of their Gtuation, he repeatedly knocked at their door in the 

 morning, threw in fome money, and withdrew undifcovercd. 

 The Sicilianat length deteded him in one of his afts of benefi- 

 cence, and in token of gratitude tell at his feet. The painter 

 raifed and embraced him, and they continued mutual friends 

 through hfe. Bologncfe died at Rome in 1680, and bequeathed 

 confiderable property to his {iyi children. His principal works 

 are at Rome, and confift of large landfcapes, and hiftcrical 

 pieces in frefco. The pidlures of his beft time are verj- rare, 

 and afford large prices. His fon Alexander was a good 

 painter in the ftyle and tafte of his father, though much in- 

 ferior. Among his engravings are the " Brazen Serpent," 

 from a compolition of his own, which, though flight, is a 

 fpirited, free etching, in the ftyle of a painter. Pilkington 

 and Strutt. 



BoLOGsFSE, or the duchy of Bologna, in Geography, a ter- 

 42 2 ritorr 



