BOO 



fci-ibing all tlic ceremonies, facrificcs, fealls, prayers, and 

 other ivligious matters, witli the manner, and circumllances, 

 wherewith each was to be celebrated ; thefe were alfo called 

 iiidigiiamenla, as containing the names of all the gods, 

 and the occafions, and/ormu/^ of invoking each. Liv. i. 



!>•->• 



Books, Ritual, thofe which directed the order and man- 

 ner of founding, building, and confecrating cities, temples, 

 and altars ; the ceremonies belonging to walls, gates, tribes, 

 cnrix, camps, and the like. 



Books, Augural, called by Cicero recotuUli, were thofe 

 wherein the fcience of foretelling futurity, from the flight 

 and chattering of birds, was contained. Cicer. Orat. pro 

 domo fua ad pontiff. Serv. ad JEn. 1. 5. v. 7j8. Loniti, 

 <le Bibl. c. 6. 



Books, Arufpidne, thofe wherein the myfterics of divining 

 from the entrails of victims are prefcribcd. 



Books, Jch^roiUic, thofe wherein the ceremonies and 

 difcipline of Acheron were contained ; fometimes alfo called 

 Rbri Etrtija, as being fnppofed to have been compofcd by 

 Tages the Hetrurian ; though others pretend, that lu had 

 received them from Jnpitcr himfelf : fome fuppofe thefe to 

 have been the fame with the Itlri fataks ; others, with the 

 l\hri arufpkhil. Serv. ad JEn. 1. S. v. 3(^8. Lomei, ubi 

 fupra. 



Books, Fulgm-jjl, thofe written touching thunder and 

 lightning, and their interpretation. As that compofcd by 

 the Tufcan nymph Bigois, preferved in the temple of Apollo, 

 tierv. ad JE,n. 1. 6. v. 72. 



Books, Fatal, thofe wberein the ages, or terms of the 

 life of men were written, according to the Hetrurian difci- 

 pline. Thefe were confnlted by the Romans in all pub- 

 lic calamities; and inftruClions taken from them, how 

 to expiate the offended deities. Cenfor. de Die. Natal. 

 c. 14. 



Books, Black, thofe which treat of necromancy and 

 witchcraft ; or thofe whicli arc printed in the old black let- 

 ter, the Celtic character, now only retained by the Germans. 

 The fame denomination is alfo given to fome other books, 

 on account of the colour of their backs, or the dilmalntfs 

 of their contents ; whence alfo Red Look, and Dontifday- 

 boot. 



Books, Good, in the common ufagc, are thofe of devotion 

 and piety, as foliloquies, meditations, prayers, &.C. Vide 

 Shaftefli. Charaft. timi. i. p. 165. idem. torn. iii. p. 32^. 

 £^ good hook, in the bookfellcr's language, is a faleable one ; 

 in the language of the curious, a fcarce one ; in that of men 

 of fenfe, an uleful and inllruiitive one. 



Among five principal things which Rabbi Akiba recom- 

 mended to his fon, one was, that if he lludied the law, he 

 fliould take care to do it in a good hook, left he Ihould be 

 obliged to unlearn all again. Vide Cren. de Furib. Librar. 

 See a'.fo farther, on the head of judging and choofing of 

 Books. 



Books, Spiritual, thofe which treat more exprefsly on the 

 fpiritual or Chrillian life, and their exercifts, as to contem- 

 plation, &c. 



Books, Prophane, fuch as do not treat of matters of re- 

 ligion. 



Books, with regard to their authon, may be divided into 

 (ijwnymoiii, thofe without any author's name ; t:ryptoiivmO!i.r, 

 t'lofe whofe authors' names are concealed in fome anagram, 

 or the like ; pJcudonpnoM, thofe which bear falfe names of 

 authors ; poJlhumfAu, thofe publifhed after the author's 

 death ; genuine, thofe really written by the pcrfons whom 

 they pretend for their authors, and flill remaining in the 

 ftate wherein they were left by them ; Jjjuriou!) or fiij>pofiti- 



BOO 



thus, thofe pretended to be written by others than their 

 real authors ; interpolated, thofe which fince their compofi- 

 tion have been corrupted by fpurious additions or infer- 

 tions. 



Books, with regard to their qualities, may be divided into 

 char or perfpicuous, which, in the dogmatical kind, are 

 thofe where the authors define all their terms accurately, 

 and keep tlrictly to thofe definitions in the courfe of their 

 wcrks : oh/cure, thofe where words are ufcd vaguely, and 

 v/ithout defining : prolix, thofe which contain more things 

 than were iieccffury to the autlior's defign ; as if in a book 

 of furveying, a man fhould give all Euclid ; nfeful, thofe 

 which deliver things neceffary to be known, either in other 

 fciences, or in the bufincfs of life; complete, thofe which 

 contain all that is known concerning the fubjeft : relatively 

 complete, thofe which contain all that was known concerning 

 the fubjecl, at a certain time ; or, if a book were written 

 with any particular defign, or view, it maybe faid to be com' 

 plite, if it contain neither more nor lefs than is neceflary for 

 the accomplifliing of that end : in contrary cafes, books arc 

 faid to be iiicompUle, 



Books, with regard to the wia/to- of which they confifl, 

 may be divided into paper-looks, thofe written either on 

 linen and cotton paper, or on the papyrus, of which laft 

 kind few are now remaining. Montfaucon Pal. Grxc. I.i. 

 c. 2. p. I,;. Parchment-books, lilri in membrana, thofe 

 written on fliins, or pelts, chiefly of iheep. Linen-hooks, 

 lihri lintei, among the Romans, were thofe written on blocks, 

 or tables, covered with a linen cloth. Such were the 

 Sibylline books, and divers ancient laws, epillles of princes, 

 leagues, annals, Sec. Plin. Hill. Nat. 1. xiii. c. 2. Leathern 

 bocks, lihri in corio, mentioned by Ulpian, are by Guilandinus 

 taken for fuch as were written on barks, different from that 

 ufually written on ; which was the tilia : by Scaliger, with 

 more probability, for fuch as were written on certain flcins, 

 or certain parts of (kins, different from thofe commonly ufed, 

 which were the pelts, or back parts of fhcp. Ulp. 1. 53. 

 Guiland. Papyr. Membr. 3. n. ^o. Scaliger, and Guiland. 

 Block-hooks, lihri in fchedis, thofe written on wooden planks, 

 or tablets, fmoothed for that purpofe with an afcia, and a 

 plane. Such were the ordinary books among the Romans. 

 IFaxen-hoois, lihri in ceris, mentioned by Pliny, have occa- 

 fioned fome difpute. Herm. Barbarus fufpeCts the term to 

 be a corruption, and inclines to read in fchedis, inftcad of /« 

 ceris, on the authority of fome ancient MSS. Others fee no 

 need of the emendation, fince it is known the Romans fome- 

 times covered their planks or fchedic, with a thin fliin of wax, 

 to make them fufceptible of erafements and amendments, 

 which the lihri in fchedis were not, and confequently were lefs 

 fit for works that required elegance and accuracy than the 

 waxen ones, which are alfo called cera or lihri cerei. Ele- 

 phantine hooks, according to Turnebus, were thofe written on 

 tliin flices, or leaves of ivory ; according to Scaliger, thofe 

 made of the guts of elephants ; according to others, thofe 

 wl'.erein the acts of the fenate, relating to the emperors, were 

 written ; according to others, certain huge or bulky books, 

 confifting of 3 j volumes, containing all the names of the 35 

 tribes. Salmuth. ad Pancirol. p. ii. p. 25J. Guiland. Pap. 

 Mem. 2. n.4S. Seal, ad Guil. p. 16. Calv. Lex. Jur. 

 p. 534, Fabr. Defcrip. Urb. c. 6. 



Books, with regard to their mamifaHure and commerce, 

 may be divided into mamfcript, thofe written with the hand, 

 whether originally by the authors, called autographi, or at 

 fecond hand hy lihrarii, or copy^s ; printed, thofe wrought 

 off from the prets ; hooks in quires, orjheets, thofe not bound 

 or ftitched ; hooks in folio, thofe wliercin a fhcet is folded but 

 once, or makes two leaves, or four pages ; books in 4°, 



where 



