BOO 



BOO 



therlands, were afterwards inferted in a catalogue of the 

 fame kind. The exprefiion of Cafiius above cited gave oc- 

 cafion to a law of Auguftus againft abufive writings. Ta- 

 cit. Annal. 1. i. c. 72. When Crcmutius Cordas, in his 

 Hiftorj'j called C. Caflius the laft of the Romans, the fe- 

 nate, in order to flatter Tiberius, caufed the book to be 

 burned ; but a number of copies were concealed and pre- 

 ferved from the flames. Tacit. x'\nnal. 1. iv. c. 31;. Antio- 

 chus Epiphanes caufed the books of the Jews to be burned ; 

 and in the firfl centuries of our ara, the books of the 

 Chriftians wtre treated with equal fevcrity, of which Arno- 

 bius (Adv. Gentes, 1. iii. 5:iv.) bitterly complains. Eiife- 

 bius informs us (Hid. Eccl. 1. viii. c. 2.), that Dioclcfian 

 caufed the facred Scriptures to be burned. After the fpreaJ- 

 ing of the Chriftian religion, the clergy exercifed againft. 

 books that were either unfavourable or difagrteiible to them, 

 tlie fame feverity which they had cenfured in the heathens 

 as foolifh and prejudicial to their own caufe. Thus, were 

 the writings of Arius condemned to the flime'! at the coun- 

 cil of Nice ; and Conflantine threatened with the punifh- 

 ment of death thofe who (hould conceal thtrm. Socrates, 

 1. i. c. 6 The clergy affembled at the council of Epheiuf, 

 requelled the emperor Theodofius II. to caufe the works of 

 Neftorius to be burned, and their reqiie't was complied 

 with. Cod. 1. i. tit. J, 6. The writings of Eutyches 

 fliared the like fate at the council of Chalcedon ; and the 

 fame practice of burning books thought to be heretical with 

 regard to religion, or injurious to the ftate in a political 

 view, has been imitated in fubfequent ages, and in various 

 nations even of the Chrillian world. 



Divers other ancient teftimonies concerning theburninCTof 

 books are given in Reimm. Idea Syft. Antiq. Liter, p. 3S9. 



Books, Catalogue cf. See Catalogue. 



Books, Csnfiirs of. See Censor. 



Books, Privilege of. See Privilegf. 



Books, ivhitening of. The following procefs for whiten, 

 ing prints, printed books, and paper, has been announced and 

 defcribed by M. Chaptal. Smiple inmerfion in oxygenated 

 muriatic acid, for a longer or fhorter fpace of time, accord- 

 ing to the llrength of the liquid, will fuffice to whiten an 

 engraving. But in whitening the paper of a bound book, it 

 is neceflary that all the leaves (hould be mciflened bv the acid, 

 and therefore the book muft be well opened, and the lea>'fs 

 feparated ; and the boards mull be made to reft on the edge 

 of the vefTel containing the whitening liquor. This liquor 

 in the procefs afTumes a yellow tint, and the paper becomes 

 proportionably white. At the end of two or three hours, 

 the book may be taken from the acid liquor and plunged 

 into pure water ; and the water fhould be renewed cvery^ 

 hour to extra-ft the remaining acid, and to dillipatt the dif- 

 agreeable fmell. In order to render this procefs more 

 cffeAual, the book-binders deftroy the binding, unfew the 

 book, and feparate its leaves ; they then place thefe in cafes 

 formed in a leaden tub, with very thin flips of wood or glafs, 

 fo that the leaves may he flat and feparate from one another 

 at very fmall intervals. The acid is then gently poured into 

 the tub, without deranging the leaves. When the paper is 

 become fufHciently white, the acid liquor is drawn off by a 

 cock at the bottom of the tub ; and its place is fupplied by 

 clear, fre{h water. The leaves are then dried, and, after 

 being preffed, re-bound. The leaves may with greater ad- 

 vantage be placed vertically in the tub. With this view, 

 M. Chaptal conftruiEled a wooden frame, adjufttd to the 

 proper height, according to the fize of the leaves propofed 

 to be whitened. This frame fupported very thin flips of 

 wood, at the diftance from one another of half a line. In 

 each of thefe intervals he placed two leaves, and kept them 



fixed in their place by two fmall wooden wedges, puflied in 

 between the flips. Wlien the paper was whitened, he hfted 

 up the frame with the leaves, and plunged them into cold 

 water, to take off the rem.aining acid, as well as the fmell. 

 By this operation books are not only cleaned, but the paper 

 acquires a degree of whitenefs fuperior to what it poiTelTid 

 when firil made. This acid will alfo ferve to dcflroy ink 

 fpots ; but it has no ai3:on upon fpots of oil, or animal 

 greafe ; however, a weak folution of pot-afh will efTcSually 

 remove ftains of that kind. To oxygenate the muriatic 

 acid, it is only neceffary to dilute it, and mix it in a very 

 flrong glafs velTcl with manganefe, in fuch a manner that the 

 mixture may not occupy the whole content of the glafs. Air- 

 b ibbles are formed upon the furface of the liquor ; the 

 empty fpace is filled with a greenifh vapour ; and, at the 

 end of fome hours, the acid may be fuitiicr dil;;ced with 

 water, and then ufcd. In order to remove Ipots of pi-eafe 

 from books and prints, M. Defchamps, member of the Phi- 

 lofophical Society at Lyons, recomm.ends to take out as 

 much as pofTible oTit by means r.f blotting paper; and then 

 to dip a fmall brufli in the effcrtial oil of well reftifitd fpirit 

 of turpentine, heated almoft co ebullition, ^nd draw it gently 

 over both fides of the paper, which mull be carefully kept 

 warm. This operation mufl be repeated as often as the 

 quantity of greafe imbibed by the paper, or the thicknefs of 

 the paper, may render neceffary. When the greafe is entirely 

 removed, the paper may be reilored to its former whitenefs, 

 by dipping another brufli in highly rcftified fpirit of wine, 

 ar.d drawing it, in like manner, over the place which wa& 

 ilaiiied, and particiilarlv round the edges, to remove the 

 border that would ftiil prefent a ifain. Bibhothtque Eco- 

 nomique, vol. i. See Bleaching. 



Book, common-placi:. S>;e Common-Place. 



Book, text. See Text. 



Book, is alio nfed tor a part or divifion of a volume, or 

 large work. 



In this fenfe we fay the book of Genefis, the firft b-ok of 

 Kings, the five books of Mofes, &c. — T^'e D'gell is con- 

 tained in fifty hookf, the Code in twelve book*. 



Books are ufually fuhdivided into chapters, fometimes in- 

 to feCtions, or paragraphs : accurate writers quote chapter 

 and book. 



Book is alfo ufcd fora lift or catalogue of perfon-' names. 

 -^Such among the ancients were the cenforial bonks, beintr 

 tables or regiilers co;,taining the names of all thofe who 

 werecenfcd or taxed under Auguftus. Tcrtullian affuicsuf, 

 that our Saviour's name was found in the cenforial book 

 of Auguftus. Adv. Marcion. lib. iv. cap. 7. See Cessus. 



Books, in Matters of Commerce, denote the feveral regif- 

 ters wherein merchants and other dealers keep their ac- 

 counts. Hence to look, is to regiller in a book. 



We fay, fuch a pcrfon's books are in good order ; mer- 

 chants cannot poflibly do without books ; they are even 

 obliged by the laws to keep books. But more or fewer are 

 required, according to the nature or extent of their deaUngs, 

 or the precifion and exaftnefs they defire therein. 



The ancients had alfo their books of accounts { witnefs 

 the codex accefti i^ expenji, fo often mentioned in Reman 

 writers ; and the patrimorAal books, which were rentals* 

 containing an account of the lands, goods, and chattels, ai.d 

 other effects belonging to each perfon. 



Among the defefts to which the trial by jury is fubjefl, 

 one is the want of a compulfive power for the produftion of 

 books and papers belonging to the parties. In the hands of 

 third perfons, they can generally be obtained by rule of 

 court, or by adding a claufe of requifition to the writ of 

 " fubpoena," which is then called a " fubpoena duces tecum." 



But, 



444045 



