B O R 



their de/enfive inroiir. lire-arms, tVir.u^h not entire!)- iin- 

 known, arc neither ufed nor pufielTeJ by the people of Dor- 

 nou. As to their habit* and manners, the people are fi::gu- 

 larly conrtcoiis and humane. On the road they Hop to fa- 

 lute every one they meet; their quarrels, when they occur, 

 arc mere contelU of words : and thotigli their women Iharc 

 with them in the bnfinefs of hulbindry, their work, which 

 is dropping the feed in the furrows, ar.d removing the weeds 

 Mrith a hoe, is more an amufenicnt than labour. Their at- 

 tachment to play is immoderate; and on the game of drafts, 

 which is the only panic witii which the lower claflta arc ac- 

 quainted, they (lake their gold dull, their brafs money, and 

 even their cloaths. Perfons rf a fiiperior rank are equally 

 devoted to chefs, in which they arc eminently (Icilhil. The 

 article' of export fumifiied by the empire of Dornou are gold- 

 Juft, flives, procurt-d from Kegarmke, liovfcs, oftrich fea- 

 thers, fult, collcdtd on the (liores of the fcvcral lakes that 

 produce it, and civtt, obtained from a fp.cics of wild cat 

 that is common in the woods, of Dornou and KiifTina. As lo 

 their manufadnres, they make a coarfe linen of the hemp ot 

 their country. Their cotton is fpun to a vtry fine thread, 

 and then manufadured into callicocs and muflnis abi;ut nine 

 inches broad, and in length from fifteen to twenty yards. 

 S»ich of ihefe cotton manufaftures as arc enriched with the 

 blue dye of the country, which, from the fupcriority of the 

 indigo, is preferable to that of the Ea(l Indies, are valued 

 more highly than lilk. They alfo fabricate a fpecies of car- 

 pet, as a covering for their horfes ; and tents, of wool and 

 the hair of goats and camels, are made for the ufe of the 

 army. From the iron ore of their country they form, with 

 little Ikill, fuch flight tools as their hu(bandry requires ; and 

 the little filver they have is converted by their own artifts 

 into rings. In return for their exports, they receive from 

 Tripoli, by way of Fezzan, copper and brafs, which are ufed 

 as current fpecies ; and alfo imperial dollars, of which they 

 make rings and bracelets for their women ; red woollen caps 

 worn (under the turban, check linens, light coarfe woollen 

 cloths, baize, baracans, fmall Turkey carpets, and plain 

 Mefurala carpets. Mr. Lucas's Communications in the Pro- 

 ceedings of the African AfTociation. 



BoRKOU, the capital of- the country above-defcribed, 

 is Ctuated at the dillance of a day's journey from a river 

 which is called " Wcd-el-Gazel," from the nniltitude of 

 antelopes that feed on its banks, and which is loft in the 

 deep and fandy wallss of the vaft defeits of Bilma. It is 

 feated in a flat country, on the banks of a fmall river. Bor- 

 nou, though a town of greater extent than Tripoli, confifts 

 of a multitude of lioufcs, fo irregularly placed, that the in- 

 tervals between them cannot be called llrects ; it is ftirniflied 

 with mofques, which arc conftrufted of brick and earth, 

 and with fchools, in which the koran is taught, as in the 

 principal towns of Barbary. The royal palace, in which 

 the fultan refides in time of peace, is fuiTour.dtd by high 

 walls, and forming a kind of citadel, is built, perhaps for 

 fecurity, in a corner of th; town. Within the city are 

 markets for the fale of provilions ; but tor other articles a 

 weekly market, as in Barbary, is held without the walls. 

 This city is furroundcd by a v.all, fourteen feet high, coii- 

 flrufted on a foundation from eight to ten feet deep, of con- 

 fiderable (Ircrigth. It is fecured by a ditch which encom- 

 pafles the whole ; and at fun fct, the feven gates, which form 

 the communication with the country, are ihut. Brown, in 

 his travels, p. 467, fays, that the wall has four gates, open- 

 ing eaft, weft, north, and foulh. N. lat. I0°35'. E- ^""g- 

 22° 40'. 



BORNSTETT, a town and bailiwick of Germany, in 

 the circle of Upper Saxony j 4 miles S. W. of Eillebeii. 



BOR 



nORNY, a town of France, in the department of the 

 Mofel'.c, and chief place of a canton, in the dillria of Metz, 

 2 miles E. of Met-/. , , . , , • r 



BOROCZANE, a town of Poland, m the palatmate of 

 Red Ruflia ; 28 miles S. S. W. of Haiicz. 



BOROLIBICUS, the wind which blows in the middle 

 between the north and well poi:;ts; called alfo the north- 

 well wind. . „ _ 



BORONOO, in Gtography, a town of RulTia, in the 

 government of Archangel ; ?o miles S. of Archangel. 



BORO-S-Jeno, a town of Hungary ; 2S miles S. of 

 Gros-Warden. 



BOROUGH, PuRRouGH, Borow, or Burgh, is fre- 

 quently ulcd for a corporate town, which is not a city. 



Borough, in its original Saxon borge, or Lorgh, is by fome 

 fuppofcd to have been priniarily meant of a tything or com- 

 pany confiding of ten families, who were bound or combined 

 together as each other's pledge. 



Afterwards, as Vcrllegan informs us, borough came to 

 fignify a town that had fomething of a wall or iaclofure 

 about it; fo that all places which among our anctllors had - 

 the denomination of borough, were one way or other fenced 

 or fortified. But in later times, the fame appellation was 

 alfo bellowed on feveral of the •villte infign'wrts , or country 

 towns of more than ordinary note, though not \va!lcd. Ac- 

 cording to Somner, a borough was a place of fatcty, pro- 

 tection, and privilege ; and in the reign of king Henry II. 

 boroughs were fo highly privileged, that if a bondman or 

 fervant remained in 3 borough a year and a day, he was by 

 fuch relidence made a free-man. Glanville. Thefe were 

 denominated free-burghs, and the tinuefmen who inhabited 

 them free-burgcfTcs, becaufe they enjoyed a freedom to buy 

 and fell without moleftation, and with exemption from toll, 

 &e. granted by charter. 



The ancient Saxons, according to Spelman, gave the 

 name burgh to thofe called, in other countries, cities. But 

 divers canons being made for removing the epifcopal fees 

 from villages and fmall towns to the chief cities, the name city 

 became attributed to epifcopal towns, and that of borough 

 retained to all the retl ; though thefe too had the appear- 

 ance of cities, as being governed by their mayors, and hav- 

 ing laws of their own making, and fending reprefcntatives 

 to parliament, and being fortified with a wall and caftle, and 

 the like. See City. 



Borough, or burgh, is now particularly appropriated to 

 fuch towns and villages, as fend buigeffts or rcpiefeutatives 

 to parliament. 



Boroughs are equally fuch, whether tbey be incorporate 

 or not ; tliere being great numbers of our Englilli boroughs 

 not incorporated ; and, on the contrary, feveral corpora- 

 tions that are not boroughs ; e. gr. Kingfton, Deal, Ken- 

 dal, &c. 



Boroughs are diilinguifned into thofe by charter or ftatute; 

 and thofe by prefcription or cuftom. 



The number of boroughs in England and Wales, including 

 cities and cinque ports, which elecl members, is 215 ; fome 

 whereof fend one, inme two reprefentatives. 



It has been a fubjeft of controverfy among antiqua- 

 ries, at what time the reprefentatives of boroughs form- 

 ed a part of the great council of the nation. Some 

 have traced their origin as far back as the Saxon Wltteti' 

 a gemot : and have fuppofed that they were the 'wUes,. 

 fispientcs,^ or wife men, who, befides the prelates and alder- 

 men, arc mentioned as a component part of this affembly. 

 Others, however, have maintained, that thefe wites we're 

 the judges, or men learned in the law. Others who exclude 

 the burgeflcs, or commo«is, from the Saxou vvittenagemot, 

 4, allege,. 



