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man ancrdort, wliich C:if.ir and Tacitus dcfcribe. Black- 

 June's Comm. vol. ii. p. S ;, 84. 



This ciil'.om goes with the land, and dirtdsthe dt.fcent to 

 the yoiinj,'cll Ion, altlioujrh iIktc be a dcvifc to the contrary. 

 2 Lev. I ;8. If a copyliold in boroiip;h-E:ip;lilh be furn .< 

 dered to the nfe of a perfon .ind his hcirti, the right will de- 

 Icend to the youngell foil, :n."Cording to tlie cullom. 1 Mod. 

 lOi. And a younpell fon fliall inhtiit an ellatc in tail, in 

 4>oroufrh-En)^'li(h. Noy. icfi. But an heir at common law 

 (hall take advantage of d ciillom annexe.! ti) boroiigli-F.nglifll 

 land ; though the yonnsrcll fon fhall be enllticd to all adlions 

 in right of the land. I Nelf. Abr. 396. And the cldcll fon 

 (hall have tythc.-i arifing from boroii-'.h-F.iiglilli land ; for 

 tythes of common rijrht are not inheritances defjendible to 

 ■an heir, Lnt come in fuceeflion from one clergjman to an- 

 other. Ibid. 347. Borough -Efiglith land beinjj defecnd- 

 ible to the youn^jill fon, if a younG;er fon dies ^v!tilOllt iffiie 

 male, leaving a daughter, fueh daughter ftiall inherit "jure 

 Tcprefent.itionis." 1 .Salk. 243. By this cnllom the widow 

 (hall have tl\c wliole of her huiband's lands in dower, called 

 her " free-bench ;" and it is given to her to enable lu-r the 

 better to provide for the younger children cutnilled to her 

 care. Co. Litt. ^ ;. 1 1 1. F. N. B. i ,0. Mo. PI. 566. As 

 boroiigh-Englilh is particularly noticed by the law, it is un- 

 neceflary to prove that fucli cullom actually cxifts, but only 

 that the lands in queftion are fubjeft to it. I Comm. 76. 

 But the extenfion of the cutlom to the collateral line mull 

 be fpecially pleaded. Robinf. on Gavelkind, 38. 4,;. 93. 



BoRoi'GH-//f<K/,or//c(jf/-l)ORoi;GH,was one of thelowcft 

 tnagillrates among the Anglo-Saxons, and the chief man of 

 the decennary, tithing, or frec-burg, confilling of ten fami- 

 lies ; thofen by the rell to fpeak and a£l in their behalf. He 

 is alfo called the tithing-man, and, in fome countries, the 

 borough-holder, bors-holder, or borougU's-eldcr, being 

 (nppofcd the difcreetell man in the borough, town, or 

 tithing. 



According to the inftitution of Alfred, every houfcholdcr 

 was anf«-erable for the behaviour of his family and (laves, and 

 even of hisgucfts, if they lived above three days in hishoufe ; 

 and ten neighbouring houfchold.rs formed themfclves into a 

 corporation, under the name of a deceunar)', or titliing, of 

 which the head-borough, or bors-holder (derived from the 

 iSason words ior/.; a furety, and ohler, a head or chief), was 

 the prefident, and they were anfwerable for the conduft of 

 each other. Every man was puiiidied as an outlaw, who dd 

 not regiller himfelf in fome tithing ; nor could any one 

 change his habitation, without a warrant or ccrtilicate from 

 the bors-h )lder of the tithing to which he formerly belonged. 

 When any perfon in any tithing was guilty of a crime, the 

 bors-ho'dci- was fummoned to anfu-er fur him ; and if he were 

 not willing to be furety for hij appearance and his clearing 

 himfelf, the criminal was committed to prifon, and there de- 

 tained till his trial. If he (led, either before or after iindinn- 

 fureties, the bors-holdtr and decennary became liable to in- 

 quiry, and were expofed to the penalties of the law. Thirty- 

 one days were allowed them for producing the criminal ; and 

 if they did not (ind him within that time, the borshol Jer, 

 with two other members of the decennary, was oh'iijed to 

 appear, and, together with three chief members of the three 

 neighbouring decennaries (making twelve in all), to fwear 

 that his decennary was free from all privity both of the crime 

 committed, and of the cfcape of the criminal. If the bors- 

 holder could not find fuch a number tc anfwer for their inno- 

 cence, the decennary was compelled by fine to make fatisfac- 

 tion to the king, according to the degree of the offence. 

 The fevcrity of this regulation was afterwards a little miti- 

 gated, and the oaths of all the members of the tithing to 



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which tht criminal belonged, to the above effe£l, were ad- 

 mitted as a fufficicnt exculpation, provided that, at the fame- 

 time, they promifed, upon oath, to prefent him to jnllice, as 

 foon as they could apprehend him. By this inllitution, every 

 man was obliged, from his own intereil, to keep a watchful 

 eye over the conduct of his neighbours ; and was in a man- 

 ner furety for the behaviour of thofe who were placed under 

 the divifion to which he belonged ; and hence thefe decenna- 

 ries received the name of franii-pledges. See Tithing. 



In many pariflies, head-borough alfo fignifies a kind of 

 head conftable, where there are feveral cliofen as his alfill- 

 ant<i, to ferve warrants, &c. See Const.\ble. 



BoKOuci!, or Bor^f, denotes a pledge or fecurity for an- 

 other's keeping the peace, and confurniing to the laws. The 

 word is Saxon, and is fometimes aUb written borough ; ia 

 Latin writers, borglia and burgha. 



llonoxj r,u-lrenc/j, JJr.r^i fraffurn, in yliicient Lniv Writers, 

 denotes a breaking of the pledge or fecurity given by the 

 members of tichings for the behaviour of each other. 



This is the fame with what is otherwife called lorg-lrege, 

 bor'^h-hrcge, borg-l/rcrhi, and lorghlfradiira. 



lioROUGMS, Lazu, or Borrotm, in the law of Scotland, 

 the fame vi-ith what in England is called biiuliiig to the peace. 

 In cafe of a contravention of law-boroughs, the furety or 

 cautioner is equally liable with the principal for the penalty 

 fpeeifitd therein, the one half to the king, and the other to 

 the complainer. 



COROUGH-LRIDGE. in Geoprnphy, an ancient bo- 

 rough town of Yorklhire, in England, derives the latter part 

 of its name from a handforae ftone bridge over the river lire. 

 This place was formcriy called Av':c-borough, in contra- 

 diftinftion from Aldborough or 0/r/-borough, a village about 

 one mile dillant. Each of thefe places has the privilege of 

 fending two members to parliament; and as both are included 

 in one parilh, that parifu has the fingtdar power of returning 

 four members. Aldborough iirll made a retuni in I5';8, 

 and New-borough in 1553. The formerplace is attributed, 

 by many refpeflable writers, to Roman origin, and is faid to 

 be the llation Ifurium, which was placed on the ^^'"atling• 

 ftreet, 17 milts from Eboracum, or York. The ancient 

 walls of this town (Ifurium), obferves Mr, Gough, though 

 level with the ground, may ealily be traced in a circumference 

 of more than a mile and a half. They inclofe an area of an 

 oblong fquare, containing about 60 acres, which flope to the 

 river Ure. The walls, nearly four yards thick, were founded 

 on large pebbles, which were laid in a bed of blue clay. Near 

 the centre of the ftation was a hillock, called Borough-hill, 

 which feems to have been the citadel, where foundations of 

 buildings, Mofaic pavements, &c. have been difcovcred. A 

 fudatory, with fculptured altars, numerous coins, urns, and 

 other relics of the Romans have been found at this lla- 

 tion, which was evidently of much confequence in Roman 

 Britain, although probably fubordinate to the great one at 

 Eboracum. It is generally written Ifurium Brigantum, 

 whence Hoifley infers that it was the capital of the Biigantes. 

 A particular account of the antiquities found here, with en- 

 gravings, may be feen in Cough's edition of Camden vol. iii. 

 p. 50i ^'^- "intl 3 very judicious account in Hargrove's 

 Hillory of Knarefborough, fifth edition, ismo. 179'!. 



Borougli-Bridge is only a fmall town, with 114 houfes 

 and 680 inhabitants. It belongs to the paridi of Ald- 

 borough, and has a chapel of eafe to the mother church. In 

 the centre of the town is a crofs, or obelilk, about twelve 

 feet high, of the fame fpecies of ftone as the Devil's Arroivs, 

 which are at a fhort dillance weft of the town. Thefe fin- 

 gular ftones have excited much curiofity among antiquaries, 

 and turninied a theme for various conjectural differiations. 



There 



