EOT 



l<rave the bnttles open a while, or open tlum after tn-o or 

 tliree days bottling, to o;ive them vent. If one bottle break, 

 tbroiigh fermentation, it is heft to pfive them all vent and 

 cork them up again. Mean cyder is apter to break the 

 bottles than rich. Some foak the corks in fcaldincr water, 

 to render them more pliant and ferviceable. See Cyder. 



Another particular to be obferved is, to lay the bottles 

 fo as that the liquor may always keep the cork wet and 

 fvv-elled. Something alfo depends on the place where the 

 bottles are fet, whieli ought to he fucli as cxpofes them as 

 little as poflible to the alterations and iniprefTiuns of the air : 

 the ground is better for this pm-pofe than a frame ; fand 

 ■better thin the bare ground ; and a running water, or a 

 {pring often changed, bell of all. 



To haften the ripening of bottled liquors, they are fome- 

 times fet in a warm place, or even expoftj to the fun, when 

 a few days will bring them to maturity. 



BOTTOM, the lowed part of a thing as contradiftin- 

 guiflLed from the top. 



Hydrotlatical w'ters fpeak of the prelTiire of fluids, on 

 the bottom of vefTels ; in which cafe, the law of gravitation 

 is, th:it tlie altitude remaining the fame, the prefTure will be 

 as the bottom. M. Leibnitz has afferted, that a body, in 

 falling through a fluid, does not prcfs on the bottom, that 



B O T 



load. water line' ; the niidlliip-frame carried well forward; to 

 draw more water aft than af the ftcm ; a confidcrable rakr 

 forward, but the (lern-poit to be nearly perpendicular to 

 the keel ; and the upper works to be tight and as low as 

 pofiille. 



That a fliip may carry a prcfs of fail, the floor-timber mud 

 be flat and long; tiic lower futtock full; upper futtock 

 nearly ftraight ; the breadblito be thrown out aloft, tlicmain 

 breadth carried high ; the upper works light ; and hence, tht 

 centre of gravity low. 



To niHke a fliip keep a good wind, and drive little to lee- 

 ward, requires a conliderable length of keel, with refptrt ta 

 her breadth ; a deep hold, and confequently a fiiort floor- 

 timber, with a conliderable rifing. 



In order that a Ihip may carry her guns well above the 

 \yater, (lie mull have a long floor-timber, and not much 

 rifing ; a full midflup-frame ; a low wing tranfom, and light 

 upper works. 



To obtain the preceding properties, very oppofitc nrle« 

 mud be followed ; and hence it appears to be almoft; iJn- 

 poffible to condrufl a fiiip fo as to be pofFefled of them all. 

 The body, however, mud be fo formed, that as many of 

 thefe properties may be retained as poflible ; always obferv- 

 hig t<> give the preference to thoie which are mod required. 



is, does not increafe the prellure on it ; which is found to If it is known what particular employment the fliip is wanted 

 be falfe. Phil. Tranf. N"' 351. p. 570. A. D. S. an. 1692. for, thofe qualities then are to be principally adhered to, 

 V- "5- which are mod eflentially necefiary for that employment. 



When water boils, the bottom of the veffel is found confi- Bottom, Copper, a pradice now become pretty general 



derably colder than it was fome time before boiling ; info- in Britain, of covering the bottom with ftieets of copper, 

 much that the hand may bear it in the former cafe, not in which accelerates the failing of a (hip, prevents the bottom 



from being worm-eaten, and keeps it long clean. It is, 

 therefore, neceflaiy, that fhips, making long voyages, fliould 

 be coppered. 



Bottom, Dotible ; a fliip of this kind was conftrnftcd by 

 fir William Petty in the year i66j ; which was found to 

 fail confiderably fader than any of the fliips with which it 

 had an opportunity of being tried. Her lirll voyage was 



the latter. Hift. Ac. Sc. ann. 170,;. p. 29. See Boiling. 



Bottom, in Nav}gntion, denotes the ground or furface 

 of the earth under the water. 



They fay, a rocky, fandy, gravelly, clayey bottom ; a 

 bottom with good hold, with a bad hold, &c. 



The bottom of the fea, Ray obferves, is level, i. e. the 

 defcent from the fliore to the deep is equable and uniform : 



but the bottoms of fome feas are found higher than thofe of from Dublin to Holyhead ; and hi her retnni, flic turned 



into that narrow harbour againll wind and tide, among rocks 

 and fliips, with fuch dexterity as many old feamen confelTcd 

 they had never feen the like. This veflel, with fevcnty more, 

 were lod in a dreadful temped. 



Bottom, Foul, that is, when the bottom of a fhip is co- 

 vered with fliell-filh, weeds, &c. This greatly retards the 

 rate of a (hip, and prevents her from tteering and working, 

 and, befides, proves fonietimes fatal. An indancc of this 

 happened to a large built fliip from Africa, in this foul con- 

 dition, that could not be fleered into Liverpool, but was loll, 

 entirely owing to her bottom not being fcriibbed during the 

 voyage. Every polhble means ought, therefore, to te ufed 

 to keep tlie Ihip's bottom clean. For this ]iurpo.re a cafli 

 fcrubber has been found to anfwer with fnccefs when at an- 

 chor, and in calm weather on the open ocean. This fcrubber 

 is made ot elm, about an inch thick, and a foot broad, the 

 middle part of the frame jull to fit a ten gallon cafli, tliat was 

 laflied to thebattons at each end, and the longl'qnarc fpaces 

 on each fide of the calk were filled with bircli-brooni fluff, 

 which projefted about fix inches without the frame, and 

 wedged fall towards the ends, with long wedges againd 

 boards that Aide with fmall tennons at each end in a groove. 



others. Count Marfigli has made divers inquiries into the 

 ftrufture of the bottom of the fea, and its beds of dones, 

 fait, bitumen, &c. Ray, Wifd. of Great, part i. p. 84. 

 See Sea. 



Over the natural bottom of the fea is formed an acci- 

 dental bottom, by the mixture of different matters, fand, 

 fhells, mud, &c. drongly compafted by the glutinous qua- 

 lity of the fea-waters, almod to a degree of petrifaftion. 

 Thefe incrudations being neceffarily formed in llrata, there 

 are fome places wherein the filhermen can dillinguifli the 

 -annual augmentations. Hift. Acad. Sc. 1710. 



Bottom of a Ship, that part of a fhip below the water. 

 This is alfo called the quich-ivork : and that above the water 

 is called the dtad-ivork. As the good or bad qualifications 

 of a fliip, with regard to failing, fleering, and flaying well, 

 vctrlng, carrying fail, flowing her cargo, carrying her guns, 

 .'\:c. depends, in a great meafure, upon the form of (he 

 bottom, every attention ought, therefore, to be paid to this 

 particular point ; and hence the method of conllrutling the 

 bottom of a fhip, fo as to anfv/er any intended purpofe, is the 

 niceft and mod difficult part of fliip-building ; to this article 

 the reader is referred. 



That a fhip may fail well, it is ncceffary to give her a long to keep the birch fad and firm. Two of thefe were con. 



floor, with little rifing both fore and aft, and the capacity of neftcd together by iron-work, having a joint, that they may 



the fore-body equal, or nearly fo, to that of the after- the more naturally ply to the curved or ixiunding parts of 



body. the fliip's bottom. In ufing this fcrubber, a block was 



In order to make a fliip deer well, the after-part of the fadened under the bowfprit end, and another on the driver 



bottom mud not be full ; the wing tranfom carried pretty boom, rigged out right aft ; a fingle block is reeved in thefe 



high ; the fEfhion-pieces well-formed, and not full below the blacks, and made fad to the flings, and juft long enougfi 



. O 2 to 



