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of winter, woiilj >)e the means of Jefl roving tbem moll 

 cffcrtually; and this procefs, repeated for t»o or tliree years 

 fuccifTively, in places where they are paiticularly trouble- 

 fonu, might prove eventually ufeful to the farmer: the Lap- 

 landers, we learn from I.inn.fus, migrate nnnually with their 

 rein-deer, on account of the hot wliich infclls them. 



On thcothcr hand, notwithtlandingthe apparently unnecef- 

 fary exillcncc and cruel cffefts of the oejiri, they are probably 

 not altogether without an ufe, or wcrcdelij^ned hy Providence 

 to add, wiihoii! a recompence, to the numerous lufteriiigs 

 of thcfe laborious and inofTcnfivc animals. 



•' A phylioloi^icnl view of their effci^s will perhaps bed 

 juftify their exillcnce, and favc them from luch an im- 

 putation. 



•' The lar\x of the orpi'i, when applied under properredric- 

 tions, and only to a certain extent, mny be of irreatcr utility 

 than from our prefent very limited knowledge of them vvc 

 are able to difcover ; but we m.iy venture to remark, that 

 their eftect in keeping up a conliderable degree of irritation 

 in the membranes, on which they aie fituated, may perhaps 

 not inaptly be compared to that of a perpetual iflue, or bliller. 

 Nor is there wanting abundant proof of the utility of local 

 irritations, in preventing the acctfs, as well as in tlleCling the 

 cure of difordeis. We often fee a formidable difmfe quickly 

 removed by blillering the fl<in, or by irritating the luucous 

 membranes of the llomach, or intelliiics, by a vomit or 

 purge. The ajipearance of cxaiitliematcus eruptions on the 

 Ikin, and the formation of local abfceffes, from the fame 

 caufe of partial irritation, often relieve a general difordcr of 

 the fyftem. 



" The mucous membranes, and the fkin, poffcfs this power, 

 when irritated, in a more eminent degree than all the other 

 parts of the body, and it is to thefe the larvx of tlie ocJlri are 

 apphed. Irritating the membranes of the llomach, by fuch 

 means, in other animals, would excite naufta and vomit- 

 ing ; but the horfe, not pofrefTuig this power, his ftom?.ch is 

 peculiarly fitted for the llimulus of fuch inhabitants. 



" How far the accefs of thofe dreadful diforders, which 

 fometimes arife of ihemfelvcs in cattle and horfes, and after- 

 wards become contagious, as the murrain, glanders, farcy, 

 &c. may be prevented by thel'e p.-culiar irritations, it will 

 not be eafy to difcover, nor whether th;it hiignlar tendency 

 or difpofition in the horfe to inflammatory complaints, as the 

 inflammation of the eyes, termed moon-blindntfs, inflamma- 

 tions of the lungs, and of the bones, &c. may be in any 

 degree fubdued by thefe local ilimuli." 



" In confirmation of this fuggcition, I may remark, (al- 

 though I am aware other reafons may be alfo affigncd for 

 it,) that thofe horfes which are not expofed to the bots, 

 more Irequently are infeclcd with the glanders, farcy, &c. 

 as thofe of the army, poll coaches, poll waggons, and dray 

 horfes, thefe being rarely fpared, from the n;iture of their 

 work, to graze on the commons, and thus be expofed to 

 receive them." 



If, on a more minute fearch into their effcifls on the 

 fyftem, the utihty of thefe native Ilimuli of animals lliould be 

 tllablilhed, and, hke the leach, or the cantharides, they 

 Ihould be called in aid of veterinary medicine, it would be 

 very pradicable to adminiller them artificially, in any quan- 

 tity, either by the eggs, or the larvx themfelves. 



If the llimulus is confidered as of too gentle a nature, it 

 is, in fome mcafure, atoned for by its permanency, and the 

 unlimited power of increafing their numbers ; at leall by the 

 adminillralion of them, in this way, we might accurately 

 'afcertain their real efTecIs, and whether they are fo fatal as 

 has been imagined. 



There fccms alfo to be a principle exilling in nature, of 

 o 



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leaving no fpace unoccupied that can polTihIy alTord a fitua- 

 tion for the convenient increafe of animal exitlence : hence, 

 peihnps, fprings one of the caufes for the extraordinary oc- 

 cupation of thcfe parts by thefe animals. 



The charaftcrs which appear to be general in the ftruc- 

 ture of this family are, that the anlanuv have three articula- 

 tions, thv. lall almoll globular, having a briftle or hair in 

 front ; and thcfe antenii.c are each lodged in a deep excava- 

 tion of the face. The mouth, a fimple aperture, not at all 

 piojeding from the head. The fiill'i, or feelers, are two, 

 of two joints, tkcir extremity globofe, funk in a deprtffion 

 on each fide the mouth. 



All the fpecics of this extraordinary family at prefent 

 known are, 



O.'flrns Imvis, great ox hot fly. Brownifli unfpottcd wings ; 

 abdomen with ;i black band in the middle, and its extremity 

 with or.mge-ycUow hairs. 



Oc'. egiil. or great horfe bot. Wings white, with a ftripe of 

 black, and two fmall black fpots. 



0.'. fj.rworr'jo'uLilis, or lelfer horfe bot. Wings dark, un- 

 fpottcd, abdomen black, bafe white, and point orange. 



Oi: I'lUrir.-iU, ornr.falis of Linnxus, the red bot fly. Wings 

 unfpotled, fides of the thorax, and bafe of the abdomen, 

 wilii white hairs. 



Ue. ovis. The fecep hot fly. Wings tranfparent, with fmall 

 fpots at the bafe ; abdomen chequered with black and white. 



Oi'. IciraniJi. The rtin-deer bot fly. Wings immaculate, 

 thorax with a black band, abdomen orailge, pollerioily yellow. 



Larva, &c. In the backs of the rein-deer of Lapland. 



Oe. cunLull. The American rallit hoi. Black wings, 

 brown thorax, black beyond the middle, polleriorly, on 

 the fides of the thorax, and tlie bafe of the abdomen, vi-ith 

 yellow hairs. Larva. In the backs of the hares and rabbits 

 of Georgia. The immenfe lize of this ocftius, which is more 

 than twice as large as the ox bot of this country, would 

 lead us to doubt, whether it might not have been the in- 

 habitant, originally, of fome of thofe immenfe animals of 

 that continent, which are now loll. See Lin. Society Tranf. 

 vol. iii. p. '^''/j. 



Oe. luccalw. Carolina lot J}y. Red-brown, face white, 

 with black fpots. 



Found in Carolina and Georgia. 



Oe. pecorum. Wings brown, thorax grey, hairy, abdomen 

 black, bafe with white hairs. In the inteftines of the 

 fheep, fays Fabricius, whole fpecics are to be adopted with 

 great caution ; perhaps it is only a dark-coloured female, of 

 the oe. nafalis. The whole genus has been greatly con- 

 fufed by Fabricius, and not lefs by his fucceffor. Prof. 

 Gmelin, where three additional fpecies, antUops, fnfciciilofus. 

 Mid. honihns, are probably all fpurious. The firlt of thefe 

 agrees, in all refpetts, with the female of oe. equi, the 

 hal)itat being falfe. The fecond is a variety of the oe. nafalis, 

 and the third is, perhaps, merely an accidental depofit of 

 oe. bovis, in the human body, of which there are numerous 

 inltances. 



Oe. Georg'uiniis. Body and wings black, fides of the 

 thorax white, with two black fpots. 



It is found in American Georgia ; the animal it infells is 

 not yet known. From the cabinet of Mr. Francillon. It 

 is twice as large as the oe. bovis, and very diftintl from any 

 thing yet defcribed. 



For the figures of thefe animals, fee the plate of the genus 

 Oejlrus. ^ 



BOTWAR, in Geography, a town of Germany, in the 

 circle of Suabia, and duchy of Wurtemberg, feated on a 

 fmall river of the fame name, which runs into the Neckar ; 

 10 miles !S. of lieilbronn, and i j N.N.E. of Stutgard. 



BOTZEN, 



