B O U 



Wfaind IWUnd hr diftinguinied himfclf, under Tiirer.ne, in 

 Icvciil baltlta and ficj^'t-s. He aftciwarJs fcrvcd in Ger- 

 Tr.a:iy, on the frontiers of Spain, and in Danders ; and at 

 lt-nf;ih was made gcntral of the army on the Mofcllc, in 

 l6yO. Alter fcvcral fcrvices of importance at Mons, Liege, 

 Luxembiirtf, and Namur, &c. he was advanced in l6v3 to 

 the rank of marllial of France ; and, in the following year, 

 he was made governor of French Flanders and the town of 

 L'flc. In i6y5, havinp lield out f^ days againll the united 

 forces of the allies under kliijj William at Namur ; when 

 ijic place capitulated, he was arrclUd prifoncr of war ; 

 and upon his remonllrance that the whole ganifon, which 

 bad not been furrcndered by the French, according to 

 the articles of war, Ihould have been retained rather 

 than liinifelf, ho was aufwcrcd, by the compliment, 

 " Sir, you are tftiniaied at lo,o;o men." He after- 

 wards condndtd the conference which terminated in 

 the peace of Ryfwick. In 1708, he acquired great glory 

 by an obftinatc defence of Lifle for four months, when it 

 •was threatened with a fiege by Marlborough and Eugene. 

 On this occafion he dlfplayed his magnanimity, by his noble 

 declaration to a perfon who reprti'entcd to him the faci- 

 lity of killing prince Eugene ; " Take him prifoner," fays he, 

 •' and your fortune is made ; but expcft the moft feverc 

 punilliment, if you undertake any thing againll his I'.ic." 

 At the battle of Malplaquet, he conducted the retreat, fo 

 as to lofe neither cannon nor prifoners. Havi.ig eftabliflicd 

 the charadler of a true patriot, as « cU as that of a great 

 commander, he died at Fontainbleau, in 171 1, at the age of 

 6S. " His heart," faid madame de Maintenon, " was the 

 kit part that died." Nouv. Diet. Hift. Gen. Biog. 



BouFrLFRR, in Geography, a town of France, formerly 

 called " Cagni," in the department of the Oife ; 7 miles 

 W. of Bcauvais. 



BOrFR.-XMONT, a town of France, in the department 

 of the Vofges, and chief place of a canton, in the dilhicl 

 of Neufchateau ; 2 leapues S. of Neufchateau. 



BOUGAINVILLE, John Peter de, in Blosraphy, 

 was born at Paris in 1722, and educated at the college of 

 Bcauvais. The fnll exhibition of his literary character was 

 in a profc trandation of " Anti- Lucretius," with a pre- 

 liminary difcourle. Amongll the friends and patrons, pro- 

 cured for him by his dilliiiguifhed literary talents and 

 amiable qualities, was M. Frerct, ftcretary of the Academy 

 of Infcriptions and Bel'ts Letters, by whom he was intro- 

 duced into that fociety, and whom he fucceeded in 

 his office. Of the various papers, which he wrote for the 

 Memoirs of the Academy, two of the moft confiderable are 

 thofe on the voyages of Pytheas of Marfcilles, and of Hanno 

 the Carthaginian. In 1754, he was admitted into the 

 French academy ; and appointed cenfor-royal, and keeper 

 of the antiquities in th; Louvre. He alio publifhed " a 

 parallel between Alexander and Thanias Kuli Khan ; and 

 edited Freret's Chronology. He died of an allhma, to 

 which he had been fubjtCl from his youth, at the caftle of 

 Lochcs, in 1763. Nouv. Dift. Hift. 



Bougainville, M. D. F. a native of France, and the 

 full perfon of that country who circumnavigated the globe. 

 His nautical difcoveries were very numerous, and he oc- 

 cupies a high rank among thofe who have extended our ac- 

 quaintance with diftant leas and iiflands. He was killed by 

 the mob in a tumult at Paris, May 10, 1792. 



Bougainville lay, in Geography, lies in the ftraits of 

 Magellan, on the north fide. 



Bougainville iJlanJ, an ifland of the South Pacific 

 ocean, adjoining a group of other iflands, with which it 

 forms a bay not lefs than 15,000 toifes in extent, fetn by M. 



B O U 



Bougainville in 1768, and feparated by the ftraits, called 

 after his name, from the ifland of Bouka, wluch lee. The 

 high mountains of this ifland are covered with trees, and 

 appeared to the voyagers in fcarch ot La Peroufe to be at 

 leaft 1200 toil'es in perpendicular height, and to he diftant 

 from the fliorc above 20,oco toifes. It terminates in very 

 low lands, having fine plantations of cocoa-nut trees, and 

 feemcd to be. very- oopv.lous. The moft foulheily point of 

 this ifland is in S.'Lt. f 4' 50". E. long. I j5= 38' 34". 

 The nonhern point, called point Laverdy, is in S. lat. 5" 

 "4'. E. long. ij4''5i'. See Ars.^cides and Solomos* 



ijlaihls. 



BouGAiNViiLE's^r(j;V.f, lie in the fouth Pacific ocean, 

 at the N. W. end of the iflands of Solomon ; which 



fee. 



BOUGEANT, William-IIy/cinth, in Biography, 

 a French Jefuit, was born at Qjiunper, in i6go, and having 

 been educated among the Jefuits, he taught the languages 

 and rhetoric in their feminaries at Caen and Nevers. He 

 afterwards refided in the college of Lev.is le Grand at Paris, 

 and devoted himfclf wholly to literature. Befides the part 

 which he tonkin the Journal de Trevoux, he was the author 

 of fevcral works ; the principal of which are " Hiftory of 

 the Wars and Negotiations which preceded the Treaty of 

 Weftph.alia, in the reign of Lewis XII. ;" 2 vols. i2mo. 

 a work of high eftimation for its curious faft.s and elegant 

 ftyle ; " Expofitions of the Chriftian doctrine by queftions 

 and anfwers, divided into tliree catechlfms," 4 vols. 1 2mo. ; 

 " Voyage Merveilleux du prince Fan-Fercditi dans la Roman- 

 cie," i2mo. a performance of fancy for which fome orthodox 

 zealots occafioned his temporary exile to La Fleche; "Three 

 Comedies," in profe. He aifo wrote fome controverfial 

 pieces on the eucharift, and lome critical papers in the Me- 

 moirs de Trevoux. After his death, was printed his " Hif- 

 tory of the Treaty of Weftplialia," 2 vols. 410. a work that 

 is ranked among the bell hiftorical productions of FVance. 

 Bougeant was of an amiable, focial difpofition ; and is 

 thought to have felt much uncafinefs from the attacks that 

 were made upon him, which fliortened his days. He died 

 at Paris in 174,3. Nouv. Diet. Hift. 



BOUGH, in Antiquity. Green boughs made part of the 

 decorations of altars and temples, efpecially on feftival 

 occafions. Oaken boughs were offered to Jupiter ; thofe 

 of laurel to Apollo ; of olive to Minerva ; myrtle 

 to Venus ; ivy to Bacchus ; pine to Pan ; and cyprcls to 

 Pluto. 



BOUGIE, in Surgery, is a French term, originally de- 

 noting a wax taper, but now generally applied to feveral 

 inftruments which are ufed by furgcons in difeafes of the 

 uriiiary palTage, &c. See the articles Caruncle, Stric- 

 ture, Urethra, and CEsophagus, w-here an account is 

 given of the d'.forders iu which bougies are principally em- 

 ployed, the fnbjeft of the prefent artxle being chiefly on 

 the compofition of ihefe chirurgical inftruments. 



Contrivances for dilating the urethra, in cafes of obftruc- 

 tion to the flow of urine, were employed even fo early as the 

 time of Albucafis, and the Arabiftical fur«;cons ; but thele 

 were not brought to any tolerable degree of perfeftion until 

 about the- middle of the fixteenth century, when the fre- 

 quent occurrence of ftriftures in the urethra introduced 

 them into more general ufe. The firft efforts of furgeons, 

 in this particular department of their art, may be perufed 

 in the writings of Andreas Lacuna, Amatus Lufitanus, 

 Alphonfus Fcrrus, Ambrofe Pare, Franc. Arcaeus, Theo- 

 dore Maycrnc, John de Vigo, and Fabriclus ab Aquapen- 

 dente. 



It is not eafy to determine who i.ivented wax candles, or 



latber 



