B O U 



B O U 



•BOULOGNE, or Boulocnf.-sur-Mer, a city and 

 ft n port uf France, lying in a bay of the fame name, in the 

 ■ Englifli channel, and chief place of a dillritl, in the depart- 

 ment of the Straits ot Calais. The city is computed to con- 

 tain 10,5 /jS, and the canton 16,199 inhabicants ; the teni- 

 tory comprehends 70 kilionietrcs and 8 commnnes. Bou- 

 logne is divided into the upper and the lower town ; the 

 upper, and fniallcr, is fcated on the declivity of the Chaik 

 mountain, and iurroiuided witli walls; the iowcv town lies 

 nearer to the lea, has no walls, is lar;:;tr, and contains a 

 greater number of inhabitants than the other. By its con- 

 neiilion with the harbour, tormed by the river Lianc, it mo- 

 nopolizes ahnolt the whole of tlie trade. Before the revolu- 

 tion it was the fee of a bifliop, fuffragan of Rheims, the 'feat 

 of a governor, a commandant, a king's lieutenant, &c. The 

 entrance into the harbour is difiicult, and defended by a 

 fmall fort ; but fhips of war caa proceed no farther than the 

 road of St. John, and tradhig (hips can only enter it with 

 the tide. In the road there is good anchorage, (lieltered 

 from eallerly winds, in live to fifteen fathoms, and a clean 

 hard fand ; 1 >t to the northward of the village it is foul and 

 ftony ground ; and there are alfo fome fmall rocks almig 

 the coall, fo that Ihips nnift not approach too near the fouth- 

 vvard of the road, 'i'he Engiilli channel, from about Roni- 

 rey in Kent to the bottom of the bav of Boulogne, is about 

 30 miles wide ; and this lliort diftancc was formerly favour- 

 able to the fmngglers of Englifli wool. Boulogne is the 

 " Gcloriacum" ot thi ancients, and it was denominated 

 " Bononia" under Conllantinc. The famous pharos, or 

 light-houfe, at this place, was creeled of an oftagonal form, 

 abo\it 200 feet in circinnference, and 66 ftet in diameter, by 

 Caligula, and it was repaired by Ciiarleniagne in Sio. In 

 I '145, wlien the Englilh took this cit\, they ftirrounded the 

 ancient ftrnfture with towers ; and it was thus preferved till 

 the :!9th of July 1644, when the whole of it fell, and no- 

 thing now remains but rubbilh. Mr. Lyon, in his "Ob- 

 fervations on the ancient Poiius Iccius," where Julius Cxiar 

 embarked for Great Britain, contends (fee Archsologia, 

 vol. K.), that this could not have been Calais, nor any place 

 to the calhvard of it, but that it was to the wellvvard, and 

 at Boulogne. From a piece or two, which he procured, of 

 the materials of the ancient llrncture above mentioned, he 

 infers that the pharos was conllrufted at Boulogne of a pe- 

 trifaction called by fofiilills tophus; and that it is of the 

 fame kind with that uled in the conllruftion of the other 

 li);ht-lionfe, built by the Romans on^ the hill at Dover, 

 which ilill cxills, though gradually finking into decay. N. 

 lat. jo" 43' 3J". E. long, i"^ 36' 33". High-water lo*"' 

 jo'. 



BooLOGN'E, a town of France, in the department of the 

 Upper Garonne, and chief place of a canton, in tiie diltricl 

 of St. Gaudens ; 4 leagues N. of St. Gaudtns. The place 

 contains 1,476, an<J the canton 10,692 inhabitants; the ter- 

 ritory comprehends 247-! kiliometres, and 25 communes. 



BOULON, Le, a town of France, in the department 

 of the Eallern Pyrenees, taken by the Spaniards in 1793, 

 and re-taken in j 794 ; 4 leagues fouth of Perpignan. 



BOULTER, Hugh, '\a Biogniphv, a prelate eminently 

 di'linguiflied by his charity and public fpirit, was born in or 

 near London, in 1 67 1, and from Merchant-Tavlors' fclujol 

 removed to Chrill-ch.urcli coUeg'e in Oxford, whence he was 

 e'eifted, together with Addifon, a demy of Magdalen col- 

 lege, of which he afterwards became fellow. li\ the in- 

 fluence of lord Sunderland, he obtained his ilril eecleliailieal 

 promotion to the parfonage of St. Olave in Soiathvvarls., and 

 the archdeaconry of Surry. In this fituation he remained, 

 alliduouny difchargiiig hispailor*! duties, for fcveral years ; 



but in confequcnce of having ingratiated himfelf with kinfr 

 George L, when he accompanied liim to Hanover, in 17 19, 

 as his chaplain, he obtained, by royal favour, in tiiat year, 

 the bilhopric of BriAol, and deanery of Chrill-church, va- 

 cated by the death of Dr. Smallridge. In 1724, lie was 

 urged by the king's abfolnte conmiands to accept the arch- 

 bifliopric of Armagh, and primacy of Ireland ; in which Irv- 

 ing llation he maniftiled that wifdom and lirnintfs, which 

 were peculiarly fuited to the dillraotcd condition of the 

 country. Intent upon promoting the true inttrells of that 

 country, he pnrfued everv meafure which prudence or be- 

 nevolence could fnggoll for tliis purpofe. In 172S, and 

 again in 1740, l\c diverted the horrors of famine, and libe- 

 rally fupplied the neccintics of the poor from his own for- 

 tune. He alfo exerted himfelf in teaching and converting 

 the poor natives, and, with this view, in promoting the 

 eftabliihmcnt of the protetlant charttr-fchools. His popu- 

 larity, indeed, for fome time declined, in confequf nee of a 

 plan, which ultimately proved beneficial, for remedying the 

 icarcity of filver, by climinilhing the value of yold-coin ; 

 but it was not long before he regained the public favour, 

 infomuch that he left beliind hin'i a charaeier liighly refpefted 

 and beloved. Neverthelefs, he always inclined to the Eng- 

 lifli interclt, in oppofition to the Irifh, and reconuiiended to 

 the Englifh government a Heady adherence to it in all their 

 favours and promotions. As Dr. Swift was attached to the 

 contrary intereft, he thought unfavourably of him, and re- 

 prefented him to the niinillcrs in England, as a dangeroui 

 and niifchievous pcrfon. However, ti ough tlw opinions of 

 thele great men were difcordant, they both probably aimed 

 at the fame objeft, or the good of Ireland. The primate 

 was on no occahon actuated by a party-fpirit, but wiihcd bv 

 the aid of any counedlions to do all the good in his power. 

 His whole life was devoted to bufinefs ; and wlien he was. 

 for the i3tli time, one of the lord's jullices of Ireland, he 

 had occafion to vifit England, and died iiere in 1742. He 

 was interred in Weftminller abbey, and a fplendid monu- 

 ment has been erefted to his memory. A collection of his let- 

 ters to minillers of ftate, and others, was publilhed at Oxford 

 in 1769, in 2 vols. ;"vo. containing much informati-.»n with. 

 regard to Iriih politics during his primacy. Biog. Brit. 



BOULTINE, or BoLTrL, in /Irchileilure, the work- 

 man's term for a convex moulding, whofe periphery is jull 

 ;j of a circle placed next below the plinth, in the Tufcaii 

 and Doric capitals. 



BOULTON, Richard, in Biography, a praflitionetin 

 medicine and lurgery, of the city of Cheilcr, publilhed 

 " A Treatife on the Caufes of mufcukr Motion," 1697, 

 izmo. He attributes the aftion of tlie nuifcles to a fort of 

 fermentation, arifing from the commixture of the blood and 

 the nervous fluid, in certain glands, wliich he fuppofcd to 

 exill in the flefliy part of the mufck-s ; a diittriue nearlv 

 llmilar to that held by Borelli. " A Syllem of rational and 

 praftical fnrgery," 171.1, >^vo. This is taken principally 

 from tlie works of Wifeirian, of which it is little more thau 

 an abridgment. " A Phyiico-mechanical Account of the 

 Gout, King's Evil, &c." 171.=;, 8vo. London; and an 

 " EUay on t-xterr.al remedies," publi(hed about the fame 

 time. Hall. Bib. Anat. Med. et Chir. 



BOULUKE, in the MilUjiy •Orlrs of :he Tvrh, jl 

 bi^dv of the jani-.'.aries, with an officer in the place of a co- 

 lonel at their head, feiit upon foiue particular eiitcrprizc ; 

 they arc felefted out of the body for this, and, as foon as 

 the bufinefs is over, arc received iigain ir.to their former 

 companies. 



BOUNCl'"., in L!.<ihyolo<^y, a name givcji bv the people 



uf the v.clleiT parts of England, to a ijiecics Ci the fhark 



R 2 ■ I'i'ie i 



