BOW 



handkercliief laid down to mark where a bowl is to go. 

 Lead, -the advantage of throwing the block, and bowling 

 Jirll. C<i/?, is one bell bowl at an end. End, a bit, or when 

 nil the bowls are out. The game, or up, is five eails, or bed 

 bowls. 



BOWLING-GREEN, in ornamental Gardening, is a 

 fpacious plat laid evenly with luvf in pleafure or other 

 grounds, defigned for the purpofc of ornament, as well as 

 amiifemcnt, in the fummcr fealoii, in bowling upon. 



Thefe forts of compartments Ihoiild molUy be formed as 

 near the houfcs or habitations as poffible, being laid out on 

 the back fronts fo as to ferve by way of lawns to fuch parts 

 as they may be fituated in ; as at the termination of walks 

 or a\enues. They may alfo be contrived ainidil detached 

 contiguous plantations, or wildernefs quarters, to ferve as 

 portions of Iward ground, or as openings to fuch places, 

 and P.ioidd always, if pofiible, have tall trees fo fituated on 

 the boundaries, as to aflord (hade, efpeciaily in the after- 

 noon. The dimenfions mull vary according to ciicum- 

 ilanccs ; but where there is fcope of ground fufficient, they 

 fliould not be lefs than from half an acre to an acre. The 

 moll common form is that ot a fquare moderately extended; 

 but fome are made oblong, otliers circular, though, to fuit 

 the general plan or figure of the ground, they may be of 

 any other form, fo as to avoid the garden-ground. Their 

 boundaries may alfo be fpacious planted borders of cither 

 the llraight or ferpentine kind. The plane or furface of 

 the gicens lliould be ptrfeftlv level, and as high, at leall, as 

 the general level of the adjoining ground, fo as that it may 

 be always preferved from ilagnaut moifture. 



L. forming thefe plats, the furface fhould be levelled in 

 the moll exact manner, and laid with the fiaell grafs tnrf that 

 can be procuied from a clofe pallure, common, or down. 

 See Turf. The extent and proper levels of the greens 

 are then fet out with Hakes placed round the extremities 

 or boundaries, at fifteen or twenty feet dillance, on which 

 Ihjtjld be marked the determinate levels of the ground, and 

 from which, on the oppofite fides, levels in other crofsways 

 at the fame dillance fhould be made ; and then, according to 

 thefe levels, proceed by line and fpade to form the ground to 

 a proper furface, making it up firmly in lines from Hake to 

 ftake ; the pannels or fpaces between being made up equally 

 firm and regular, fo that no part may fink in a hollow altcr- 

 wards. The v.'hole fiiould then be raked level, and hnilhed 

 off evenly and fmooth. Two or three inches deep of light 

 fandy foil, or any light dry poor earth may then, if necef- 

 farv, be laid evenly over the furface, as equal in quantity as 

 pofiible, as by that means the turf or grais will form a moll 

 fine, regular, and even fward. 



The gralTy lurfaces fhould always be formed by laying 

 them with frefh cut turf, as being much fuperior to the 

 method of only fowing them with grafs feeds. The turfs 

 fhould be cut each a foot wide, a yard long, and about an 

 inch thick, and laid with cxaftnefs, clofely joining them edge 

 to edge, then beating them well down with large wooden 

 beaters, repeatedly rolhng them with a large heavy iron 

 roller. 



The bell feafon for performing work of this fort is the 

 autumn, or very early in the fprmg ; but the firll is to be 

 preferred when it can be conveniently done, as the turf has 

 time to eltablilh itfelf well before the hot feafon fets in. 



In order to keep bowling-greens neat after being thus 

 formed, they require frequent mowing in furamer, probably 

 once or twice a week, or oftener, in order to keep the grafs 

 fufliciently. fine and fhort for bowling, as well aS occafioual 

 rolling to preferve the furface firm and even. When 

 wormy calls are much thrown up over their furfaces, they 



BOW 



fhould be poled occafionally to break and fcnt'cr them, and 

 then well rolled with a wooden roller, to which the fcatttrcd 

 earthy particles may adhere, and the furface be thereby tnadc 

 more clean. See Poling Gkass. V. hero coarfe weeds, as 

 the dock, dandelion, i^c. preftnt themfclve.-, they fliould ba 

 wholly eradicated, to prevent their feeds from being difperfed 

 over the furface, and new plants thereby raifed which would 

 prove injurious, and render the turf unfit for the purpofc of 

 bowling upon. 



BowLiNG-G/w«, in Geography, a village of Virginia iu 

 America, fituated on the poll- road, 2 2 miles S. of Frede- 

 rickfburg, 48 N. of Richmond, and ij N. of Hanover 

 court-houfe, 



BOWNESS, in Geography See Borrostowness. 

 BOWSE, in Sea-language, an order to all the people em- 

 ployt d in hauling upon any particular rope, to pull together. 

 Eoivfe aiuay, that n pull aivay, and all at the fame inllant. 



BOWSPRIT, a large boom or fprit projedling from the 

 bow of a fhip, over the Item, and hence its name. The 

 bowfprit makes an angle with the keel, which is various, ac- 

 cording to the fancy of the builder ; being, in general, be- 

 tween twenty degrees, and three points or upwards, as the 

 height of the bowfprit at the cope, above a horizontal line 

 at the keel, extends from one third to one half of its length. 

 According to Mr. Chapman, the elevation of the bowfprit of 

 a mercliaiit fliip ought to be three -fevenths of its length, and 

 in fin'ps of war four-fevenths. This elevation of t! c bowfprit 

 is called its llecvingor Hiving. Mr. Gower is a llrong advo- 

 cate for diminifhing the lleeving of bowfprits, and upon this 

 fubjecl he expreffes himfelf as tollows : " As every pofition 

 of the rudder, except a middle one, takes frcm the fpeed of 

 the veffel, it fhould be preferved as much amidfliips as pof- 

 fible. Almofl every fliip under full fail, with a fide wind, 

 carries a weather-helm ; to counteract v.'hich, it is recom- 

 mended to lower the tlecving of the bowfprit to one angle 

 of five or ten degrees with the keel, and to increafe the jib- 

 boom in floutnefs, that a large jib of llrong cauvafs may be 

 carried in moil weathers. With the bowfprit lowered, it 

 will be better without a fpritfail yard ; and let the jib boom 

 be fecured from the cat-heads and Hem, by a Handing and 

 travelling guy on each fide, and a ilandiiig and traveling 

 martingale." In cutters, fchooners, luggers and fhallops, 

 the bowfprit is nearly parallel to the keel. 



The length oi that part of the bowfprit which is without 

 the ilem, is generally equal to the extreme breadth of the 

 fliip. In trading lliips, the celebrated Mr. Chapman makes 

 the length of the bowfprit to be equal to the fum of the 

 extreme breadth, and one-tenth of it ; and in fhips of war, 

 it is equal to the fum of the extri.me breadth, and three- 

 twentieths of the fame. Thus, if the extreme breadth of a 

 fhip is 32 feet, the length of that part of the bowfprit be- 

 yond the Hem will be 35.2 for a merchant fliip, and 36.8 for 

 a fliip of war. 



The diameter of the bowfprit is equal to half the fum of 

 the diameters of the main and fore-malls. 



As the fafety of the fore-mall depends greatly upon the 

 bowfprit, every precaution, therefore, is uftd to have this 

 lall well fecured. The keel is firmly fallencd to the decks ; 

 that part of the bowfprit at the Hem is Hrongly failened 

 thereto by fevcral tuiiis of a rope, which is called the ^'«m/- 

 mon'tng of the boiL'fpr'it ; and the hobllay conuefls the lower 

 part of the Hem or cutwater with that part of the bowfprit 

 at the foreHay. 



BOWYEll, William, in Biography, an eminently 

 learned printer, the fon of a printer of the fame name, was 

 born in London, December 17th l6ycj; received his gramma- 

 tical education under MivAmbrofe Bonwicke, a non-juring 



clcigymaii 



