BRA 



thnift through the inner cml of it ; one of which rcfting 

 atrofs two chciks or tars, in the upprr end of the pump, 

 fcrvrs as a fulcrum for tlic brake, frpporting it between the 

 checks. The other boil connects the extremity of the 

 brake to the pump fpear, which draws up the box, or pif- 

 ton charged with the water in tlie tube, tiee Pump. 



BRAKEI., in Gm^raphy, a town of Gerniany, in the 

 circle of Weftphaha, aiid bilhoprick of P.idcrborii, formerly 

 a city of the empire, 3 miles K. of Paderborn. 



BRAKENUURG, Rkisikr, in liiosraphy, a painter 

 of landlcipes and coiivcrfations, was horn at Haerlem in 

 1649, and lludied firll under Momners, and afterwards, ac- 

 cording to Houbrakcn, under Bernard Schendel. His lub- 

 jtt^s were hkc thofe of Brouwcr ; and he refenibted him, 

 not only in his genius, and llyle of coinpolition, but in the 

 diirdutcnifs of liis morals. In feme of lus pidures, he leems 

 to have been defirous of imitating OUadc. His figures 

 were del'igncd after nature, and reprel'ented in the habit and 

 fafhion ofthe times. His fubjeits were the feafts of boors, 

 the amufements of the villagers, dancings, and frequently 

 converfations, in which love a\id wine were always introduced. 

 His compolltions are ingenious, and full of variety ; though 

 the forms of his men and women arc the fame, and feleftcd 

 without elegant talle from low nature. His colouring is 

 Urong and natural, his touch lively and fine, but he is de- 

 ficient in talle of defign. Pilkington. 



BR.^LIN, in Geography, a town of Silefia, in the prin- 

 cipality of Qels ; 7 miles E. of Wartcnberg. 



BRALIO, a mountain in the country of the Grifons, 

 feparating the valley of Munller from the county of Bor- 

 mio, and being a part of the Alps, which is fuppofed to 

 be the fame with that mentioned by Tacitus, under the ap- 

 pellation of " Juga Rhsetica." The firft fource of the 

 river Adda lies near the fummit of this mountain. Over 

 the Bralio is a road, which, though very indifferent, was 

 formerly the principal pafTage for the merchandize, fent 

 • from the Tyrol, through the Valtchnc, into the Milanefe : 

 at prefent, it is much lefs frequei'tcd. 



BR.\M, a river of Germany, which runs into the Stoer, 

 10 miles above Itzehoe, in the duchy of Hohlein. 



BR AM A, or Brahma, in Mythclogy, a pagan deity 

 among the Brahmins in the Eaif Indies. See Brachmass. 

 Brama, in JJilhyclogy, a fpecics ofCvPRiMUS, known 

 with us by the name of Bream, and which is dillinguilTied by 

 having the fins brown, and in the anal iin twciity-leven rays. 

 The bream is found in lakes and rivers, or in the fea. It 

 grows to the length of t.vo, or even almoll three feet. The 

 food of this fifli is herbs, worms, and fmallcr fiflies. This 

 is e'leenned a coarfe fifli for the table, but to the angler it 

 affords excellent Iport. The bell time of angling for the 

 bream is from St. James's day to Bartholomew tide, being 

 then in the highcft perfection. 



BRAM/E, in Natural Hiftory, a fpecies of Echinorhvn- 

 CHUs, that infells the intellines of the brenm. The neck 

 i-i filiform, and the probofcis armed with very minute prickles. 

 Ccez. Gmei. 



Bra^!.€, a fpecics of Fasciola, found in the inteftines 

 ofthe bream and fticklcbacks. The form is oblong, round, 

 taperi:ig, and oblufe at the bafe ; neck round and fomewhat 

 incurvated. Mull. Zool. Dan. 



BRAMAGUM, orBROMAGUM, in Jncient Geography, 

 a to.vn of Italy, in tne route from Rauracum to Augnlla 

 PrsE'ori.i. Antonin. Itin. 



BRAMANT, in Geography, a fmall town of Savoy, in 

 the valley of Maurienne, featcd on the river Arc. N. lat. 

 45='. E. long. 4° I y. 



JbRAMANTE, Lazzari, in 5;'e^rj/A)', a famous Italian 



BRA 



architea, was bom at Caftel-du-Sanfe, in the territory of 

 Urhmo, in 1444. His firll views were dircfled to the pro- 

 felTion of a painter ; but architeaure being better adapted 

 to his talle and talents, he devoted himfelf wholly to the 

 attainment of excellence in the art. For this purpofe he 

 went to Milan, about the year 147c, and afterwards to 

 Rome, and other cities of Italy, availing himfelf of inilruc- 

 tion from the bell mailers, and from a diligent examination 

 of the aichiteaural remains of antiquity. At Naples hi 

 was employed by cardir.al CaralTa in re-building the convent 

 dclla Pace ; and the reputation he thus acquired recom- 

 mended him to pope Alexander VI., in whofe fervice he 

 executed many deligns. Under Julius II. he was employed, 

 as fupcrintendant of his buildings, in accompliihing the 

 n-iand projeA of joining the Belvidere with the Vatican, by- 

 means of two galleries extended acrofs a valley. In 1504 he 

 accompanied pope Julius to Bologna, and was engaged in 

 fortifying the town ; and during the war of Mirar.dola, he 

 had i'everal opportunities of cxei-ciling hi3 talents in the mili. 

 tary art. After his return to Rome, he adorned the city 

 with many tine bmldings ; and at length undertook to de- 

 niolilh the cathedral of St. Petu's, and to fupply its place 

 with another edifice fuited to the capital of the Chnllian 

 world. His plan for this purpofe was adopted ; and before 

 the death of the pope, in 1513, the new Itruclure was ad- 

 vanced as far as the entablature ; and at the time of his own 

 death, in 15 14, the four great arches for the I'upport of the 

 dome were eredted. The original delign was abandoned by 

 the architefti who fnccecded him, not without injury to the 

 ftrudure ; but the profccution of the work was entrufled 

 with Michael Angelo, who praifed his plan, and conformed 

 as much as poflible to his ideas. Bramante was no lels 

 elliniable for his general charadler than for his extraordinary 

 talents as an artill. Obliging in his dilpofition, he took, 

 pleafurein encouraging young perfonsof the proftfli'.in ; and 

 he invited the celebrated Raphael, who was his couiin, to 

 Rome, inilruaed him in architeclure, and procured for him 

 employment in the Vatican. He was alfo fiddled in poetry 

 and mufic, and compofcd extemporaneoufly for his harp. 

 To him is afcribed the invention of conllrucling arches by 

 caftiijg in wooden moulds a mixture of lime, marble dull, 

 and water, fuppofed to be a revival of the ftticco of the an- 

 dents. His poetical w'orks were printed at Milan, in 1 756. 

 The knowledge and practice of the art of engraving may 

 alio be added to his other accomplilhments. This art he 

 probably acquired at Milan, and his execution of it exadly 

 refembles the flyle 01 Andrea Mantegna, that is, with the 

 flrokes running from one corner of tlie plate to the other, 

 without any crofTing. He died in 1517. Tirabofchi. " 

 Strutt. 



BR AMBAS, in Botany, a name given by the people of 

 Gunien, and lome other parts of Africa, to a peculiar fpccies 

 of len;on-tree. The leaves of this are of a deep green, and 

 of an admirable fragrancy, when rubbed between the hands. 

 Tl;e fruit is very fmall, and has a vemavkablc tliin Jkin. The 

 juice is ufed ui dying. Phil. Tranf. N^ ic8. 



It has not been taken up as a dillinft fpccies, either by 

 Linnseus or any other fyftematicbotanill. In the Abridgment 

 of the Philofophical Tranfaftions it is pafled over without 

 notice. 



BRAMBER, in Geography, is an ancient borough, town 

 of SuflTex, in England. This place, though now redaiced to 

 only 25 houfes, Ihll pofTctTes the privilege of fending two 

 members to the Englilh imperial parliament, and the borough 

 ot Steyning, which unites with this, alfo returns two mem- 

 bers. (See Stevning.) From 1298 to 1472 the writs for 

 elefting burgelTes to ferve in parliament were direfted jointly 



a to 



