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till th«y at leiigtli airive at their final fcr.!. '.he Start of the 

 gcrmrii. Sctr oblcrvation$ upon cevtiiu funci. \vhith are 

 paralitica of ihc wheat, by the Rev. U illiam Kirhy, V. L. S. 

 Ill the Liaiia-an Ti-anfadtions, vol. v. pa^^c 112, &c. 



Brand, in Gt»,^<;il>hy, a ti)Wn of Germany, in the circu- 

 of Erzgfbtrg, chiefly inhabited by niini-rs ; 2 miles S. of 



FrcybcrK. 



DRANO-SuNDAV, Dimanche dts Brjnilons, in French 

 F.iiUfajl'ical IVntcr:, denotes the full Suiulay in Lent; which 

 it thus called on account of an aneient pvaeti^-e in the Lyi<n- 

 nois, where the pcafants, in the night of this day, walked 

 about their orchards, gardins &c. with tiMchts hghted, or 

 fire-brands in their hands ; in which piiglit they viliied every 

 tree, and addrcirmg themfelvcs to them one after another, 

 threatened that if they did n* bear fruit well the enfning 

 feafun, they ihould be cut down to the ground and burnt. 

 Thii is evidently a relic of paganifm ; the like of which was 

 praclifed by the ancient idolaters in the month of I'cliniary ; 

 hence called F.4ruarius, !i fthruando. Mencllr. Hid. de 

 Lyon. p. 279. Menag. Orig.p. 126. & Du Cangc GlofT. 

 I^at. torn. i. p. '5lo. 



liRANDAN, in Geography, a town of the Eaft Lulies, 



in tlie ifland of Java, beKmijing to the kinjj of Sourahaya. 



BR.\NDANO, a river of Italy, which runs into the gulf 



of Tarenio, 10 miles S. of CallcUanetla, in the kingdom of 



Naples. 



iJRANDARIS, in Conchohsy, a fort of Murex, com- 

 mon in the Mediterranean and Adriatic fea. The flull is 

 foinewhat o%3te, and furrounded witli llraii;lit fpines ; beak 

 moderately fubulate, llraiglit, and obliquely furrounded 

 v.ith fpines. Gmelin, &c. 



Many varieties of this Ihell are defcribcd by writers ; ge- 

 uerallv the colour is white, whitilh, cinereous, or bi own, with 

 g triple row of fpines, or fometimes with only a (ingle row, 

 BRANDEIS, in Geography, a town of Bohemia, in the 

 circle of Konigingratz, feated on the river Orlilz ; 21 miles 

 S.E. of Konigingratz. 



BRANDEL, Peter, in Biography, a painter of por- 

 trait and hillory, was born at Prague, in 1660; and having 

 fpent about four years in the fchool of John Schroefer, prin- 

 cipal painter at that court, a kind of jcaionfy of his rifinsf 

 merit was excited in the mind of his matter, fo that Brandel 

 refcnted the ill-treatment. He removed from him ; and at 

 the age of about 19 years, quitted his fchool, and com- 

 menced a mailer himfelf. Moll of the churches at Prague 

 and Breflau are embellilhed with his works ; and the prince 

 of Hazfeld is faid to have given 100 ducats for one piAure 

 of St. Jerome at half length. He fpcnt moft of his time at 

 Prague, where the wealth which he acquired was diilipated 

 by profulion and irregular conduft ; fo that he died poor, 

 and was buried by charitable contributions. The Jefuits and 

 monks, however, honoured his memory by appointing for him 

 a folemn funeral proccffion, in which 300 tapers of wax were 

 carried by ecclefiaftics. Brandcl was dillinguiflied by a ready 

 invention, an expeditious manner of painting, and natural 

 colouring, except that lus fluidows were fometimes too 

 black. His pencil was broad, eafy, and free. Pilkington. 

 BRANDEN, in Geography, a bay lying on the eall coall 

 cf China, in the Indian ocean, north of Harliiig's bay. 



BRANDENBURG, Mark, or Marqlmsate or, a 

 country of Germany, bounded on the north by Mecklenburg 

 and Pomcrania, on the eall by Poland, on the well by the 

 duci.ics of Magdeburg and Lunenburg, and on the fouth by 

 Silefia, the Lufatias, the eledoratc of Saxony, the princi- 

 pality of Anhalt, and part of the dnchy of Magdeburg. 

 Its greateft extent from weft to eall is about 200 miles, and 

 from uorth to fuuth abont no miles. The country is gene- 



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T.i!!y level, and llic (01! famly and barren, but by tliL- iiubif- 

 trv of the inhabitants rendered pri.diiclive of leveial forts of 

 grain. Thev find, however, that the only very profitable 

 crop upon thcie lands is brck-wheaN which they fow in 

 liii-re quantities, and which yields a product equal to that of 

 the'beil foils applied to that grain. When a piece of land 

 has been managed witli greater care than ordinary, it will 

 yield a pood crop of rye ; but wheat and barley are rarely 

 to be leen. In lome parts tlie inhabitants cultivate millet 

 and flax ; in other parts, potatoes and turnips ; and again in 

 others, tobacco and woad for dyeing. By various improve- 

 ments of modern times, the wafte lands and the large mo- 

 rades, which have been drained, are become f.-rtile. From 

 their woods they derive an ample fnpply of futl for their do- 

 mcllic ufe, and for tlielr glafs and iron furnaces, charcoal, 

 tar, wood-allies and large quantities of timber fur lionfc 

 and Ihip-building, part of whieh is exported to Hamburg, 

 Holland, Fiance, and other places. Their breed of cattle, 

 and cfpecially their flicep, are objetls of particular attention; 

 from the latter they are fnpplied with wool, whieh has en- 

 abled them to ellablilh feveral woollen mainifadtures ; anl 

 with a view to the improvement of their breed of ilieep, kinjr 

 Frederic II. caufed rams to be imported from France and 

 England. The culture of iilk is alfo carried on with induf- 

 try and with increafing fuccefs ; and belides their filk and 

 woollen manufaftures, they have others of linen, cotton, 

 and leather. At Berlin, and Potfdam in particular, they 

 have alfo excellent painters, flatuaries, and engravers. By 

 means of thefe manufaftures and arts they not only preferve 

 in the country large funis, but they alfo import an accefiion 

 from other countries to which their produftions are exported. 

 The country alfo funiKhes good clay, and fine porcelain earth, 

 together with iron-ftone, amber, lalt-petre, alum, colour- 

 earths, and medicinal fprings. The principal rivers are the 

 Elbe, the Oder, the Prignitz, the Havei, t!ie Warte, the 

 Spree, and the Doffe. The Spree and Oder are united by a 

 canal, begun in 1662, and iiniOied in 1668. The Havel and 

 Oder are joined by the canal of Finow, which king Frederic 

 II. caufed to be begun in 174.3, and completed in 1746, with 

 thirteen Unices. By thefe canals navigation is facilitated ; and 

 from their rivers and lakes they draw a fupply of various kinds 

 of tifh. In the electoral mark they reckon S4 cities, 19 mar- 

 ket-towns, about 1917 royal and noble villages, 2027 ancient 

 villages, 44,749 hides of land liable to taxes, and (^42 1 hides of 

 the nobility, 26,000 hearths in the towns, and 6S,ooo in the 

 country, 197 1 Lutheran churches, and 80 Calvmiftical 

 churches. The population of Brandenburg, according to 

 the llatemcnt of Hoeck, conlifts of 755,577 perfons. The 

 ftatfs conlifl of the nobility and towns, whofe houfe of af- 

 fembly is in the Spandau llreet at Berlin, and who Hill en- 

 joy fome fmall remains of their ancient privileges. The he- 

 reditary offices of the marquifatc are, a niarfli.d, chamberlain, 

 cnp-bearer, purveyor, fewer, treafurer, and ranger. The 

 religion of the country is Lutheran, whieh was adopted by 

 Joachim II., eleftor of Brandenburg, in 1539; but the 

 king of PrufTia, who is alfo etcftor of Bran'ienburg, and 

 thole of his court, are Calvinills. The churches of both 

 perfuafions are well endowed ; and the laity jointly employed 

 by the government. The Roman catholics are alio tole- 

 rated ; and every inhabitant enjovs liberty of confcience and 

 a free exercife of his religion. For the education of youth, 

 and the advancement of learning, this eleftorate, befides 

 Latin fchools and gymnafia in feveral places, has an uiiiver- 

 fity at Franckfort on the Oder, and an academy of fciences 

 at Berlin. 



The whole country of Brandenburg is divided generally 

 into the Ekaoral Mark and Nevsr Mark. Tlie Eledoral 



Mark 



