BREAD. 



quantities of both ; in the third, three times the quantity of 

 wheat to one of beans. 



Bkem), Jiiirnimiiilii/, in the proteftant churches, is com- 

 mon leavened bread, agreeabJt to the ancient prafticc. In 

 the Romilh mafs, axyniiis, or ui|lt^,vened bread, is ui'ed, parti- 

 cularly in the Gallican church, where a fort is provided for 

 this purpofe, called ^nin a chanter, made of the pureft 

 wheatcn Hour, prelTed between two iron plate?, graven like 

 wafer-moulds, being firft rubbed with white wax, to prevent 

 the parte ihcking. See Azvmus. 



Ecclefialllcal wiiiers enumerate other fpecies of bread, 

 allotted for purpofes of relij^ion : as, i . Cakiu/ariiu, that an- 

 ciently oilered to the prietls at the calends. 2. Prel/tnt/a- 

 rius, the fame with capilularis, that dillributed daily to each 

 prebendary or canon. 3. Bev.ed'iBus., that anciently given 

 to catechumens before baptilm, inliti. of the Lucharirt bread, 

 of which they were incapable of partaking. 4. Conficrated 

 bread is a piece of wax, palle, or even eartli, over which fe- 

 veral ceremonies have been performed with bencdiflions, &r. 

 to be fet up in an n^mis de't, or a rehc box, and prcfented 



ior veneration. 



Unleavened bread, or a%yh 



Th. 



Jews eat no other bread during their pafibvcr; and exadlfearch 

 was made in every houfe, to fee that no leavened bread was 

 left. The ufage was introduced in memory of their hafty 

 departure from Egypt, when they had no Icifnre to bake 

 leavened bread. 6. Shew bread was that ofleied to God every 

 Sabbath-day, being placed on tiie golden table, iu the holy 

 of h.olies. 



BREjiD of St. Hubert, St. Genevieve, St. Nicholas, Sic. 

 denote cakes famSlificd with certain prayers and invoca- 

 tions of thofe faints, held by the fuperttitious to be of 

 great efficacy ;n the cure of hydrophobias, agues, and other 

 difeafts. 



Bread is alfo ufed to denote certain foods made of animal, 

 or even mineral matters, ferving to fupply the place of bread. 

 In divers parts of the North, we read of fifh-bread, particu- 

 larly in Iceland, where dried cod is ufcd for bread, being 

 firll beaten to powder, and made up into cakes. The like 

 obtains among the Laplanders, whofe country affords no 

 corn ; and even among the Crim Tartars. Phil. Tranf. 

 N° 102. p. 35. Sheff. Hift. of Lapl. chap. 14. In the 

 Jordihip of Mofcaw in Upper Lufatia, a fort of white earth 

 is found, of which the poor, urged by the calamities of the 

 wars which raged m thole parts, make bread. This earth, 

 dug out of a hill where they formerly worked at laltpetre, 

 when warmed by the fun, cracks, and i'mall globules proceed 

 from it like meal, which ferment when mixed with meal. 

 Some peifoiis have lived upon it for fome time. Some of 

 this meal has been kept for more than fix years. A fimilar 

 earth is faid to be a'fo found uear Geronne, in Catalonia. 

 Germ. Ephcm. 1764. 



Bread, in a more extenfive fenfe, includes all the necef- 

 faries of life, as food, raiment, lodging, &c. 



Hence the fabbath is lometimes called, in ancient writers, 

 the Jaj of bread, by reafon the eucharill was then adminiller- 

 ed every Lord's day. 



In this comprehenfive fenfe the term bread feems to be ufed 

 in the petition of the Lord's prayer. Matt. vi. 11. In this 

 pafTage i'Trma-n: v.j]oc> denotes " fufficient bread," or a com- 

 petency. The word ETTiycnoj is one of the ceVaJ Atyof^isviv, and 

 is found in no Greek author prior to the Evangelill. The 

 tompofition is of f^i and tcria, q. J. proper, or fufficient for fup- 

 port ; and it is not improbable, that e^i nc-ixv fliould by degrees 

 have coalefced and become tnys-iov, as it now Hands in the 

 MSS. The petition exactly correfponds to that in Agur's ce- 

 L'biated prayer, in the O. T. 'pM CH? •' Prov. xxx. S. 

 Compare Gen. slvii. 22, with Luke xv. 12. The Syriac vcr- 



fion haa " the bread of our need." Sec Mcdc's works, 

 vol. i. DilT. xxviii. p. 16S. 



Bread, a^f, or </^zf of. The price and weight ■>{ 

 bread are regulated by tht magiftratca according to the puce 

 of wheat ; and the alTife of bread, beer, ale, &e. is gr.uiied 

 to the hud mayor of London and other ccporitions. 

 Stat. 51 Hen. III. St. i.; and ^1 Hen. III. St. 6. Sec 

 alfo 2 & 3 Ed. VI. c. 15. But' the llatute of 31 Geo. II, 

 c. 29. containing regulations conccrnn g the alTife of bread, 

 and for preventing adukcration, repeals fo much of ll.it. 

 51 Hen. III. entitled " Afllfa paius et cerevifi.c," as re- 

 lates to the alTife of bread, and the flat. 8 Ann. c.i 8., and 

 all amendments by fubfecjuent aft^ ; and re-enafts the fame 

 with additions and amendments. This (btute tnadts, that 

 the affife be fet, in all places to which the right of fo domg 

 extends, witii a regard to the price of the grain, meal, or flour, 

 in the adjoining market.*, and witii a realonable allowance to 

 the bakers tor their charges, labour, and p'olit. In order to di- 

 redl the inagillrates in making this allowance, they are to trikc 

 notice, that the peck loaf of each fort of bread is to wugh, 

 when well baked, 17 lb. 6 oz. avoirdupois weight, and tlie 

 rell in proportion ; and that ■ very fack of meal, or flour, is to 

 weigh two hundred weight and two quarters, neat ; and that 

 from every fack there ought to be made, at an average, 

 twenty fuch peek loaves of bread. By ;8 Geo. III. c. 62. 

 it is enafted, that the magiflrates, before they fet the alfife 

 of bread, dial! add to the average price, per quarter of wheat 

 fit for making wheaten bread, ^d. on account of the ad- 

 ditional duty on fait, fo as to increafc fuch average price ^d. 

 per quarter ; and in fettling the aflife, they fliall u(c fuch 

 increaled averagr price as if it were the real average price of 

 wheat, fo long as fuch additional fait duly fliail continue. 

 By 31 Geo. II. c. 2y. f. 3. no perfon fliall make or fell, in 

 any place where the affife is fet, any fort of bread, except 

 wheaten and houfehold (otherwife brown) bread, and fuch 

 forts of bread as fliall be allowed in the affife ; and the of- 

 fender againft this part of the Itatute, upon convidion by 

 his own confefllon, or the oath of one witncfs, before any 

 magiftrate or juftice within the limits of their jurifdidion, 

 fliall forfeit, not exceeding 40s. nor lefs tlian 20s. 



In every place where an affife is fet, the aflife and weiglit 

 of the feveral forts of bre.^d there made are fet according to 

 tables, calculated for the purpofe. 



Table of the Affife and Price of Bixad made of Wheat. 



Table 



