BRITAIN. 



From the above ftatcment it appears that, fince the year 

 1664, there h.is been an average gain of upwards of fonr 

 millions per annum, of which a very confidcrable part has 

 been derived, direftly or indireftly, from foreign commerce. 

 The great increafe of the annual income affords a further 

 proof that there mull have been fiich an accumulating fur- 

 plus. Sir W. Petty (Pol. Arith. p. 123.) fiippofed the 

 income derived from land to be 8,ooo,oool. the profits of 

 perfonal eftates 8,000,000!. and the profits of all kinds of 

 labour 36,000,000, making together 42,000,0001. Mr. 

 G. King eftimated the whole income at 43,500,0001. Dr. 

 Davenaiit, in 1701, dates the income derived from land 

 at io,ooo,oool. the profits of trade at 6,ooo,oool. and 

 thofe of fciences, arts, labour, induftry, manufadlurcs, 

 retailing foreign goods, and buying and felling home com- 

 modities, at 3 5,ooo,oool. making in the whole 49,000,000!. 

 Thefe accounts are exclufive of Scotland ; but after 

 making a fufficient addition for this country, it will 

 appear that there has been a confiderable increafe of the 

 general income. Sir John Sinclair, in his " Hints addreffed 

 to the Public," in 1783, obferved, that the income of the 

 country arifing from lands, commerce, and manufaftures, 

 was commonly calculated at ioo,ooo,oool. which he in- 

 clined to think a low valuation ; and, without doubt, the 

 profit derived of late years from each of thtfe fources has 

 confiderably increafed. It is not eafy to form a very pre- 

 cife edimate of the national income ; but the foUowiug 

 llatement is prefumed to be not very inaccurate : 



From rent of lands . - • £• 



ditto of houfes . . . - 



Profits of farming, or the occupation of 7 



the land .... -J 



Income of labourers in agriculture 

 Profits of mines, collieries, and inland - 



navigations . . » 



Profits of (hipping in merchants' fervice, 



and fmall craft 

 Income of ilock-holdTS 

 From mortgages, and other money lent ) 



on private fecurities • - - J 



•Profits of foreign trade ... 



Ditto of manufactures . . - 



Pay of the army and navy, and feamen 7 



in merchants' fervice - • - 5 

 Income of the clergy of all defcriptions - 

 Income of the judges, and all fubordinate ) 



officers of the law - - - J 



Proftflbrs, fchool-mafters, tutors, Sec. 

 Retail trades, not immediately conneftedl 



with foreign trade or any manufadlurej 

 Various other proftflions and employments 2,000,000 

 Male and female ftrvants - - - 2,000,000 





3J,ooo,ooo 

 8,500,000 



6,120,000 



15,000,000 



2,000,000 



1,000, coo 



15,500,000 



3,oco,oco 



11,250,000 

 14,100,000 



4,500,000 



2,200,000 



i,8oo,oco 



6co,ooo 



8,000,000 



Total 



jC- 1,30.570'Coo 



If the total expenditure be eftimated at 135,81^0,0001., 

 which has been deduced from a minute, and, perhaps, as 

 accurate a ftatement of particulars as the fubjeiS, admitting 

 of various conjeftures and prefumptions, allows, the difference 

 between this expenditure and the general income (hews the 

 annual gain of the country, or the fum applicable to the 

 extenfion of commerce, the refervation of a greater quan- 

 tity of foreign articles, the increafe of (liipping and buildings, 

 agricultural or mechanical improvements, or other augmen- 

 tations of the general (lock. 



On introducing the income-tax, Mr. Pitt, chancellor of 

 the exchequer, gave the following ellimats of the annual in- 

 come of Great Britain : 



The land rciital, afier deducing one- i/._jg^QQjj^jjQQ 



The tenants' rental of land, dedufling' 



two-thirds of the rack-rent 

 The amount of tythes, dedufting one- 1 



fifth - . - - . -J 



The produce of mines, canal naviga- I 



tions, &c. deducing one-fifth - - J 

 The rental of houfes, deducing one-fifth 

 The profits of profeffions - - 

 The rental of Scotland, taking it at \ 



one-eighth of that of England - y 

 The income of perfons refident 



Great Britain, drawn from p 



fions beyond the feas 

 The amount of annuities from the pub- 1 



lie funds, after dedufting one-fifth f 



for exemptions and modifications -J 

 The profits on the capital, employed 1 



in our foreign commerce - - J 



The profits on the capital employed in 



domeftic trade, and the profitoof fliill 



and indullry 



a - i 



ent inT 

 poffef- >■ 



?} 



6,000,000 

 4,000,000 



3,000,000 



5,000,000 

 2,000,000 



5,000,000 

 5,000,000 



^2,000,000 



I 2,0CO,0Cd 



28,000,000 



Total 



;f .102,000,000 



As one of the principal fources of the wealth of Great 

 Britain confids in its manufdftures, it may not be improper 

 to give a brief ftatement of them ; referving a more copious 

 detail for other articles in this dictionary, under which they 

 will feparately occur. The woollen manufacture defervcs to 

 be firll mentioned, becaufe it is the moft ancient, and, in a 

 variety of refpefts, the moft important ftaple of the country. 

 In an examination of the principal woollen manufafturers by 

 a committee of the houfe of commons not long ago, the 

 quantity of wool grown in this country was eftimated at 

 600,000 packs of 24olbs. each, which, valued at ill. per 

 pack, amount to 6,6oo,oool. : and though the increafe of 

 value of maimfaflured wool is various, and depends on its 

 quality, yet it was ftated, that the total value of the wool 

 manufafture m this country amounts to 19,800,000!. But 

 the calculation fuppofes, that the number of (heep, in 1791, 

 was 38,800,000, which exceeded the truth at that time, 

 and much more fince that period ; and it was formed upon 

 an unufually high price of wool. But the eftimatc will be 

 much lefs objettionable, if it be formed on 500,300 packs 

 at lol. 10s. per pack, and thus the value of the wool will be 

 5,250,000!., and its manufaftured value will be 15,750,000!. 

 The average value of woollen goods exported lor 1 797, 

 1798, and 1799, is 6,104,211!. which, as the cuftom-houfe 

 values of goods exported are much below their real value, 

 requires an addition of about 35 per cent, and thus it be- 

 comes 7,630,2631. The value of goods retained for home con- 

 fumption will be nearly equal to that of fuch as are exported ; 

 and, therefore, the whole value of the manufadture appears 

 to be about 15,260,000!. and may be taken, at a medium, 

 between this fum and thai before ftated, at 15,500,000!. 

 Deducting 10 per cent, on the coft of the goods, for the 

 profits of the manufacturer, with intercft of his capital, 

 there will remain 14,090,901;!. for the coft of materials and 

 wages of labour : and as the value of the wool is about 

 5,250,000!. ; tlie amount of workmanfiiip, or the wages of 

 all the perfons employed in this manufacture, is 8,S40.c,09l. ; 

 and the whole number of perfons employed, averaging their 

 wages at 8s. each per week, does not exceed 425,043. 



The value of the leather manufacture may be ftated at 

 10,500,000!. from which dedufting 954,545!. for the pro- 

 fits of the capital, and 3,500,00(01. for the coll of the raw 



X ^ Z article. 



