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j»w, and all the external parts of the throat, were free from 

 t»clling. 



The difficulty of breathing was confiderable, and threat- 

 ened fufTocation : iliis induced us to fuppofc fome obftrud^ion 

 was tlie caufc, either in the noftrils, fauces, or larynx. 



Tlie operation of broncl\otomy was had recourfe to, 

 which imnicdiatcly relieved him : picfent fufTocation being 

 thus previntcd, our mxt plan was to remove the obHacle, 

 which we imagined nii^'ht be in the nofe. The frontal 

 bone was trepanned, and it was intended to trepan the 

 njfal bone, but this was not executed, for the pus from the 

 former fouiid its way t'. rough into llie nofe, and the nofe 

 ivas injec'tcd every day, through this opening, with a warm 

 decortion of herbs. As the orifice in the trachea every 

 day became fmaller, it was diflicuit to keep in the canu/a, 

 which accidentally a few days after falling out, the horfe 

 was fuffocated and expired. On opening the head, there 

 was no obllruAion any wiiere to be found ; on opening the 

 larynx, the true caufe was difcovered. 



The internal membrane that lines the larynx, or wind- 

 pipe, was enlarged or dillendcd with a fluid, in a way that 

 prevented the admiffion of air. This membrane was de- 

 tached from the fides of the larynx, and fo diflended, that 

 the two portions met each other in the centre of the pipe, 

 forming two hemifpherical tumours, which afted as valves, 

 ■and completely excluded the admiffion of air. Qn cutting 

 into thefe tuinours,they were conipofedof cellular membranes, 

 dillended by a fmall portion of fluid : the furrounding parts 

 did not bear any marks of inflammation. If thefe tnmours 

 had formed on one fide only, they might have been 

 attributed, perhaps, to fome pundure, or fome injury from 

 bleeding, or other caufe of this fort ; but being on both 

 jides of the throat, it is probable both fides mua have been 

 irritated, to produce it, and nothing fo likely as violent 

 compreflion of that fort we fee men ufe when they propofe 

 to try horfcs for broken wind ; for they endeavour to fqueeze 

 the pipe till both fides meet, otheiwife the horfe will not 

 cough, or only flightly. Since this, another cxaftly fimilar 

 cafe was brought to one of the flanghter-houfes of town, 

 while we were cafually (laying there, and the horfe was faid to 

 du. of fuff^ocation, they could not tell why. On examining 

 the larynx, a iimilar mifchief was difcovered. 



During the laft fix years, we have opened more than lo 

 horfcs that were broken-winded, and uniformly found the 

 lungs emphyfematous : violent breathing and appearances, 

 m every refpeft like broken wind, attend other afl'eaions 

 where the lungs are injured, as in large abfcefl^es forming in. 

 the lungs, water thrown out in the cheft in roarers, and 

 even violent pain in any part of the body, will produce 

 appearances refembhng broken wind, which again difappear 

 when thole atieclions are removed. 



When the flomach is loaded, efpecially with water, all the 

 fymptoms of this diforder are more eafily remarked, efpeci- 

 ally on exercife ; it is, therefore, one of tlie moll fore means of 

 a certaining it ; and on tliis account horfes with this com- 

 plaint, are in general kept from dnnking great Quantities 

 of water, which they are much difpoftd to do, probably from 

 the U..r obferved to attend the complaint, and alfo, perhaps, 

 trom the blood m the lungs not undergoing fo completelv 

 the changes it ought to do in that vifcus 



Some horfcs are diftVrently afl-eded in broken wind to 

 others : the re pirat.oi, ,s quickened in fome without much 

 heaving, and the abdomen in Inch is contrafted and hard, 

 inllead of being large and pendulous. It is fometimes 

 atlendca with a cough, which is not deep, but fl,ort and 

 hard, as though tlie lungs rcliiled p.rfedtly the impulfe of 

 this exertion On excrciie the cough is much increafed, 

 alter which he feems rcheved ; the head in cou-hing is hdd 



B R O 



low, his neck ftrctched eut as though he endeavoured to 

 bring ^fomething from his throat; " guaj; ojicula devo. 

 rajjfel :" the face has a rigid emaciated appearance, 

 refembling, though lefs violent, that conllriftion which 

 attends lock jaw. The eyes are often yellow from difFufed 

 bile ; the nollrils dilated and rigid. The appetite is not 

 affefted by it, if any thing it is increafed. 



The writer of this article endeavoured to rupture the cells 

 of the lungs of a found horfe, by inflating them, and laying 

 weights upon them, and found that no moderate prelfurc 

 would do it ; indeed when removed from the body, no expe- 

 riment could be very fatisfaftory, and he dcfifted from 

 farther experiments with this defign. 



BROKER. The oiigin of the word is conteft^ed ; fome 

 derive it from the French iroyer, " to grind ;" others from 

 brocarJer, " to cavil, or riggle;" others deduce broker from a 

 trader brolen, and that from the Saxon broc, " misfortune ■" 

 which is often the true reafon of a man's breaking, fn 

 which view, a broker is a broken trader, by misfortune; and 

 It 13 faid that none but fuch were formerly admitted to that 

 employment. 



Brokers are of feveral kinds ; eichange-brokers, in- 

 furance-brokers, (lock-brokers, and pawn-brokers. 



Brokers, exchange, are a fort of negotiators, who con- 

 trive, make, and conclude bargains between merchants and 

 tradelmen, m matters of money or merchandize, for which 

 they have a fee, or premium. See Exchange. 



Thefe, in our old law-books, are called broggeri, and in 

 Scotland, broccani, i. e. according to Skene, mediators or 

 interceffors m any contract, &c. See Proxeneta. 



1 hey make it their bufinefs to know the alteration of the 

 courle of exchange, to inform merchants how it goes, and 

 to notify to thofe who have money to receive or pay beyond 

 lea, who are proper perfons for negotiating the exchange 

 with i and when the matter is accompliflied, that is, when 

 the money ,s paid, they have for brokage, two fliiUings per 

 lOO pounds fttrhng. ^ ^ 



Thefe, by the ftatutes of 8 and 9 William III. 6 Ann c 

 16. are to be hcenfed in London by the lord-mayor and 

 aldermen, who adniimfter an oath, and take bond for the 

 faithfu execution of their office : and any perfon afting with- 

 out fuch a hcenfe and admiffion, is liable to the forfeiture of 

 50CI. and perfons employing them forfeit eol. This is alfo 

 the cafe at Briftol, by fta,. sV.eo. II. c.„? They a fo to 



of thl7 1 '"^'' "^^ "" '/r '\' '-^^ P^"^'')' ^ --i -^ to deal 

 tor themfelvcs on pain of forfeiting 200I. Thev are like- 

 wife to carry about with them a filver medal, Lv o the 

 king's arms, and the arms of the city, &c. and to pay 40 

 a year to the chamber of the city ^^ 



In France, till the middle of the feventeenth century 



^eir exchange brokers were called « courtiers de change •'' 



b It by an arret of council in ,639, the name was chan' d 



for that more creditable one of " agent de change, banqC 



et finance;" and in the beginning°of the eighteenth cen 



ury-, to render the office ftiU more honourable, the title of 



king s counfellors" was added. 



At Grand Cairo, and feveral places of the Levant the 



1 he exchange-brokers at Amiterdam,called "makelaers " 

 br:k rs^'^bef V "'Z T' ''^' "'^ Engli(h, calkd -^ ?:";„ 

 m^trs'. but b '^' "''^"'^y ''^' ^^f--^ the burgo. 



andt ci "^Z:^: Sr'' "'fe T '"^'""' 

 395 ; whereof 37, are^'chS::^; aTd''^ ^ ::^;he"o£: 

 are nearly double that number ; fo that >„ Skrdam ttre 



are 



