B R O 



BRONCOLI, Thomas, in Biography, a Neapolitan pliy 

 fician, who publilhcd in 16:1, 410. " Do populaii honibili et 

 pctlilciitiGutturisct nnnexaium Partium An'eaioncNeapolin 

 ct totum fere Rcgnum vcxante, Confilium." Tliis is an early 

 accoiiiit of i\\<: fcarliilina anginofa, which fcems not to have 

 nude its appearance in this country until about the middle 

 of the lad century, when Dr. Jalin Fothergill publiilied an 

 accurate account of the difcal'e, with the method he had 

 found moft fucccfsful in treatinp; it. He is very car:;e(l in 

 advifing his brethren to be careful in diltinguidiing it from 

 tlie common quinfy, as it requires a mode of treatment very 

 oppofite to that difeafc. The fairlatina angtnofa has of late 

 years become one of the mod frequent, as well as mod in- 

 iedious and dangerous epidemics that vifit this country. 



BRONE, in Geography, a river of SwilTcrland in the 

 V.iliiis. which joins the Rhone near Sion. 



BRON'GUS, in Anc'unt Geography, a river of Mafia, 

 which, according to Herodotus, difcharged itfclf into the 

 Ider. 



I'lRONI, or Brosno, in Geography, a town of Italy in the 

 Milanefe, where the French were defeated by the Imperialids 

 in 170J ; 10 miles S.W. of Pavia. N. lat. 41" 50'. E.long. 

 10° o'. 



BRONITZA, a village of Ruflia, feated on the Mafta, 

 within 20 miles of the Novogorod. In this village an ex- 

 cellent caviare is prepared of the roe extracted from large 

 quantities of fifh cauijht in the Mada. At the didance of 

 about 2 miles is an infulatcd well of faud and clay, of a cir- 

 cular form, the lower parts of which are thickly drewed 

 with detached pieces of red and grey granite. This emi- 

 nence was remarkable in the times of idolatry for an oracular 

 temple, the fite of which is now occupied by a brick white- 

 waflied church. 



BRONNIKOO, a town of Siberia, on the Irkutfch, 

 2S miles N. ofToboUlc. 



BRONTES, in Eulomohgy, a fpecies of Papilio ( Pleb. 

 Urb.) of a fmall fize, that inhabits Africa. The wings are 

 fubcaudated, above and beneath fufcous, with a band on the 

 fird pair, and margin of the fecond fnowy white. Fabricius. 

 Obf. In Spec. Inf. of that writer it is defcribed under the 

 fpecific name of j^nnus. 



Brontes, is alfo the name of Papilio Paniscus, in 

 fome German writers. 



BRONTEUM, in Antlquhy, that part of the theatre un- 

 derneath its floor, wherein brazen veflcls, full of Hones and 

 other materials, to imitate the noife of thunder, were kept. 

 Potter. Arch. Grsc. lib. ii. cap. 8. 



BRONTI, in Geography, a town of the ifland of Sicily, 

 iS miles W. of Taormina, 



BRONTIjli, among Nalurahjls, a kind of figured dones, 

 commonly hemilpherical, and divided by five pointed zones. 



The word is formed from /?fo»T», thunder ; alluding to the 

 popular tradition, that thofe dones fall in thunder fliowers : 

 ivhence they are alfo denominated tlninder-dones, fomttimes 

 polar-dones, fairy-doncs, and alfo omhr'td, by naturalids. 



Some take the brontlie for the petrified diells of the echinus 

 Jtatagus, or brifcus, of Aridotle. Dr. Woodward rather 

 iuppofes tiicm to have been formed, and received their diape, 

 in the diell ot the echinus fpalagus ; on which footing they 

 are alfo ranked in the number of echinites. Dr. Plott 

 eonteds both. 



Bronti.^ are fometimes alfo ufed in England for a kind 

 cf figured dones, fhaped like arrow-heads, lefs properly 

 called Br.LEM SITES, and popularly //i«H(/fr-io//j. 



Dr. Woodward takes not thefe for natural dones, but 

 fuppofes them to have been fartiioned thus by art, to fervc 

 as weapons before the invention of iron. 



B R O 



Some alfo give tlie denomination brontia to the B^ra- 

 CHiTES and Chelonites. 



BRONTOLOGY, books containing the dodrine of 

 thunder, and of the prcfages drawn therefrom. See Thun- 

 der. 



BRONZE, Bron-7.0, Italian^ a mixed metal for calling 

 datues and other onianicnts ; Vafari fays, the Egyptians 

 mixed two-thirds of brafs and one of copper. Pliny I. 34. 

 c. 10. fays, one-tenth of lead, and one-twentieth, of filver 

 (liould be added to the brafs, and the mixture of thefe three, 

 he calls Grecian; among the moderns two-thirds of copper 

 and one of brafs are found to be a good mixture. The an- 

 cients formed mod indruments ot brafs, which the moderns 

 make of iron and deel ; Homer dcfcnbes mod of the arms 

 in his poems, ofTenfive and defenfive, as brazen ; he calls 

 the Greeks by the general epithet of brafs-coated ; and 

 feldom mentions deel ; mod of the arms and indruments 

 found in Hcrculaneum, Pompeia, Stabea, SiC. were of brafs 

 or bronze, whether agricultural, mechanical, mathematical, 

 architedural, or culinary ; the remains of very few iron in- 

 druments having been difcovercd, and a complete fet of 

 furgical indruments of bronze, found in Pompeia, fliew the 

 great prevalence of this metal among the ancients. 



Bronze, cajling, is performed in the following manner: 

 the figure or pattern to be call in bronze, mud have a mould 

 made on it in a mixtureofplader of Paris and brick-Jud, not 

 more than one-thirdof the former,and two-thirds of the latter; 

 the mould (hould be fufEciently thick for ftrength, accord- 

 ing to its fize ; in its joints httle channels fl ould be cut from 

 different parts of the internal hollow tending upwards, to 

 give vent to the air, which the metal will force out, as it 

 runs into the mould. When the mould is made, a thin layer 

 of clay diould be neatly and fmoothly fpread over the infidc, 

 the fame thicknefs the bronze is intended to be ; then the 

 mould mud be clofed, and the hollow within the layer of 

 clay filled with two-thirds of brick-dud, and one third of 

 plaider mixed with water ; this will make the core ; and if 

 the figure to be cad (liould be large, before the plader and 

 brick-dud are poured into the mould which is to form the 

 core, drong bars ot iron forming a ilvcleton of fupport for 

 the metal figure, when cad, mud be laid in the mould, and 

 round this the core mud be cad ; when this is done, the 

 mould mud be opened again, and the layer of clay taken out; 

 the mould and core mud then be thoroughly dried and even 

 burned with charcoal or lighted draw, for if the lead par- 

 ticle of wet or damp remains, the cad will be blou'ii to 

 pieces, and the perfons engaged in the work will mod likely 

 be maimed or killed by the difperfion and force of the b.ot 

 metal. After they are perfeflly dried, the core fliould be laid 

 in the mould again and fupported in its place by diort bars 

 of bronze, which run through the mould into the core ; the 

 mould may now be clofed and bound round with bars of 

 iron, drong in proportion to the fize of the work ; the mould 

 diould then he laid in a fituation for cadiiig, and well fup- 

 ported with dry materials, as fand, dones, &c.: great care 

 mud be taken that thefe alfo are dry, to avoid fatal conf^- 

 quences. A channel mud be continued from the refervoh" of 

 metal to the mouth of the mould, with a futficient flant or 

 inclination for the liquid bronze to run eafily ; it is a necef- 

 fary caution that no perfon (liould engage in bronze-cading 

 without the alTillance of experienced workmen, on account 

 of the danger attending it. Many particulars relating to 

 this article may be found in Pliny's Natural Hidory ; in the 

 Life of Benvenuto Cellini, and Val'ari's IJves, in the chap- 

 ter upon bronze-cading. The form of the furnace for this 

 purpofe, as well as the manner of running the metal, are 

 ihe fame as employed iu calling bells. 



i Bronze, 



