B R O 



B R O 



lytus," becaufe the firft hofpital had been dedicated to 

 that faint, on wliofe fea(l-day the city firft fell into the hands 

 of the Chrillians. Clement VIII. in 1594, granted them 

 all the privileges of the Brothers of the Charity of St. John 

 de Dieu. 



Broth TiRs of Death, a denomination ufually given to the 

 religious of the order of St. Paul, the firft hermit. 



They are called " Brothers of Death, "yja/rw a morte, on 

 account of the figure of a death's head, which they were 

 always to have with them, in order to keep perpetually in 

 their minds the thoughts of death. This order, by its cou- 

 ftitutions, made in 1620, does not feem to have been cfta- 

 bhfhed long before pope Paul V. Lewis XIII. in 1621, 

 permitted tliem to fettle in France. It was probably fup- 

 prefTed by pope Urban VIII. 



Brothers of Pei.iUnce, or of the Penitence of fcfus Chnfl, 

 a name given at Thouloufe to the religious of the third 

 order of St. Francis; called alfo Beguhn : and to a fra- 

 ternity of Penitents held in the chapel of the church of 

 the third order, under the direction of the Beguini. See 

 B E G u I N s . 



Brothers, PyeJ, frntres pit, a denomination given to all 

 monks, wiiofe habit was partly white, partly black ; they 

 were otherwife called Agaches. 



Brothers of St. Gregory the lihim'inalor, a religious order 



eftabhflu'd in Armenia, in the fourteenth century, which 



being much reduced and decayed by the conquefts of the 



- Turks and Perfians, was, in i j j6, united to the order of 



St. Dominic. 



Brothers, "Joyful, fratres gaudentes, in Italy, denote the 

 knights of the order of the Virgin Mary, firft inftituted at 

 Bologna in 1261, for whom a rule was prefcribed by pope 

 Urban IV. 



Brothers, poor, in the Charter-houfe, a denomination 

 given to decayed gentlemen, to the number of eighty, who 

 are fubfifted with diet,cloathing, and lodging on the eftablifh- 

 ment. The poor brothers are to be gentlemen by defcent, re- 

 duced to poverty, or decayed merchants, foldiers, or officers 

 of the king's houfehold. The conditions of admiffion are 

 that they have no eftate for life worth 200I. nor coming in, 

 •v'ns y moclis, 24I. per annum ; and that they be fifty years 

 old, unlets they have been maimed in the public fcrvice ; in 

 which cafe, the age of forty fuflices. They wear a livery. 

 gown within doors. 



Br.others, White, the name of a feft which appeared in 

 Ruffia towards the beginning of the fourteenth century ; fo 

 called from their white cloaks, on which was a St. Andrew's 

 crofs of a green colour. See Brethren. 



Brothers of Arms, an appellation given to thofe who 

 contraft a kind of fraternity in war, obliging themfelves to 

 the mutual fervice and affiftance of each other. In the mili- 

 tary orders, the knights are alfo called brothers. — In the 

 order of Malta, there is a particular clafs, who are called 

 " ferving brothers ;" confifting of fuch as cannot give proof 

 of their nobility. In Latin they are denominated yra//-f.r 

 dientes. 



Brothers ly adopti:n. See Adoption. 

 Two brothers who have only the fame father, are called 

 fratres confnnguinei ; and thofe who are only defcended from 

 the fame mother, frtitres uterini. 



Brothers of the Crofs. See FlagellAntes. 

 Brothers of the rofy crofs. See Rosvcrusians. 

 Brothers, y^uocn,_/ra;»'<'j conjurati. See Fratres. 

 Brothers, in Alchemy, lame, or maimed, iitnote the imper- 

 feft metals, which are to be t-ured of their lamenefs by the 

 pel feft elixir ; I. e. are to be purified and feparated from their 

 drofs, &c. by the philofopher's Hone. 



Brothers, in Geography, iflands in the Indian fea, on tlic 

 north fide of the entrance into the ftraits of Malacca. N. lat. 

 7° iS'. E. long. 78° 10', to 78" 15'. 



Brothers, Seven, iflands in the Indian fea. S. lat. 3° 24'. 

 E. long. 60° 21;'. 



Brothers, Three, iflands in the Indian fea. S. lat. 5° 

 45'. E. long. 62° 25'.— Alfo, iflands in the Eaft Indian fea. 

 N. lat. 10° 32'. E. long. 107° 59'.— Alfo, iflands in the fame 

 fea. S. lat. 5° 20'. E. long. 117° jo'. The moft northerly, 

 which is about 5 or 6 leagues fomewhat foutherly from 

 Thumb flioal, is called by the Dutch " North Brwlher." 

 Between thefe and Celebes, lies Tonakekc ifland, which is 

 larger than any of them. — Alfo, three remarkable hills ou 

 the eaft coaft of New Holland, whicii may be feen 14 or J 6 

 leagues off at fea. S. hit. j 1° 40'. W. long. 207° 10'. 



Brothers, Tiuo, lie on the eaft coaft of New Holland, 

 oft" cape Manifold ; one of them is low and flat, and the 

 other high and round ; near the fliore is a third ifland. — 

 Alfo two iflands of New Zealand, near queen Charlotte's 

 found. 



BROTHERHOOD. Sec Fraternity. 

 Brotherhood of God, in the Middle Ages, a denomina- 

 tion given to an aifociation formed for reftraining and abo- 

 lilhiug the right and exercife of private war. I'he people, 

 eager to obtain relief from the fuffcrings that were thus oc- 

 cafioncd, among other expedients, had recourfe to a pre- 

 tended revelation. Towards the end of the 12th century, 

 a carpenter in Guienne gave out, that JeTus Chrirt, together 

 with the blefled Virgin, had appeared to him, and having 

 commanded him to exhort mankind to peace, had given him, 

 as a proof of his mifiion, an image of the Virgin holding her 

 fon in her arms, with this iiifcription : " Lamb of God, who 

 takeft away the fins of the world, give us peace." This low 

 fanatic addrefled himfelf to an ignorant age, prone to credit 

 what was marvellous. He was received as an infpired mef- 

 fenger of God. Many prelates and barons aflembled at 

 Puy, and took an oath, not only to make peace with all their 

 own enemies, but to attack fuch as refufed to lay down their 

 arms, and to be reconciled to their enemies. Thus they 

 formed the above-mentioned afibciation. But the influence 

 of this fuperftitious terror or devotion was not of long con- 

 tinuance. 



BROTHERTON, in Geography, an Indian village of 

 North America, adjoining New Stockbridge in the ftate of 

 New York, inhabited by about 150 Indians, who migrated 

 from different parts of Conneflicut, under the care of the Rev. 

 Mr. Occom. Thefe Indians receive an annuity of 2160 dol- 

 lars, which fum is partly appropriated to the purpofe of main- 

 taining a fchool, and partly to compenfate a fnperintendant 

 for tranfading their bufinefs, and difpofing the remainder 

 of their money for their benefit. 



BROTIER, Gabriel, Aljbe, in Biography, a diftin- 

 guiflied fcholar, and member of the French Academy of 

 Belles Letties, was born at Tonnay in the Nivernois, in 1723, 

 and educated in the Jefuits' college of Louis-le-Grand, of 

 which he was for leveral years librarian. Accuftomed 

 through life to write notes in die margins of all the books 

 which he read, and diftinguiflied alfo by a retentive memory 

 and fingular penetration, he had thus coUcfted materials for 

 feveral volumes; and as he applied to ftudy for 10 or j 2 hours 

 a day, he had acquired an immenfe fund and variety of 

 knowledge. With the exception of the mathematics, his 

 knowledge comprehended every branch of fcience, natural 

 hiftory, chemiftry, and even medicine. It wa.i his cuftom 

 every year to read Hippocrates, and the books of Solomon, 

 in the original languages ; for thefe, he faid, were the belt 

 remedies for all bodily and mental difcafes. But he was 



principally 



