B R U 



B R U 



the rfith century, was fo much efteemed as to be made 

 phyfician to Eleonora of Aiillria, filler to the emperor 

 Charles V., while flie was refident in the Low Countries. 

 He afterwards fettled in Brugc?, and was appointed pcn- 

 lioiiary phyfician to that city. The time of his deatii is not 

 known, but his memory was honoured by an cpitapli, 

 written in 157 if by the poet Nicolaius, who Iptaku 

 highly of his profefiional abilities. He pubhflied, " De 

 I'licrmarum Aqnisgranenfuim Viiibus, Caufa, et legitimo 

 Ufu, EpilloI.E duK," i-j/Joand 1555. Antwerp, i2mo. 

 " De Ratione incdendi Morbi Articnlaris, 1592, in Henry 

 Garret's Confilia Variorum de Artlnitide." " De Ufu et 

 Ratione Cauteriorum," in the fame colieflion. He was 

 a believer in judicial aftrology, and publilhed " An Alma- 

 nac," at Bruges, in which he fcts down the prceife times, 

 or circnmltance", und'.r which bleeding, purging, and other 

 opcratio;is might be fatcly undergone. Eloy Diet. Hill. 



BRUHIER, John James, born at Beauvais, tlit end 

 of the 17th ccntmy, Itudied medicine at Au^rcrs, where he 

 was admitted to the degree of doflor ; he afterwards fettled 

 in Paris, and acquired confidcrable reputation by his practice, 

 and by his writnigs. He d;ed Oftober 24th, J'JJ'/>. In 

 17J3, he publlilied a tranllatiou ot Dcventer's Treatife on 

 Midwifery, under the title of " Obfervations fur le Manuel 

 des Accouchmens," 4to. Paris, and afterwards feveral of 

 Hoft'inan's works; his " Medicus Politicus," i2mo. 

 " Medicina rationalis," in 9 volumes, his treatiie on fevers, 

 3 vols. l2mo. " Le Caprices d'Imagiuation," &c. But the 

 works by whicli he is moll; known, were his warnings 

 againll burying perfons fuppjfed to be dead, too early, " Dif- 

 fertation fur I'lnctrtltude desSignes dc la Mort, et I'Abus des 

 Enterrcmens, et Embaumeraens pr;ecipites." Paris J 742. 

 He was at the pams of colleAing hillories of perfons who 

 had revived, after being fuppofed to be dead, fonie of whom 

 had been buried. Bodies ought not to be interred, he fays, 

 until putrefaftion has commenced. " Memoire fur la 

 NeceiTite d'un Rseglement general an Sujet des Enttrre- 

 mens," 1745. No one (liould be buried until the fourth 

 day from their dying. " Addition aux memoires," &c. 

 adding to the number of exampks of perfons who had been 

 buried alive, or had revived alter being interred. Tliefe 

 works have paflcd through numtrous editions, and have 

 been tranllated into every modern European language, and 

 have doubtlefs been the means of prelerving many lives. 

 M. de la Surinitre, on his being received into the Royal 

 Academy at Angers, read a copy ol verfes he had coiij- 

 pofed on the fubjecl, beginning 



Bruhier, ton inimortcl ouvrage, 



Ouvre les yeux a bieii dcs gens, 



Sur I'abiis, la ciucl ufage, 



D'tuterrtr les niorts, tout vivans, &c. 



Haller Bib. Chirui-g. Eloy. Did. Hill. 

 BRUHL, a town of France, in the department of the 

 Roer, and chief place of a canton, in tliediilrift of Cologne. 

 The place contains 1932, and the canton 14,976 inhabi- 

 tants ; and the territory includes 31 communes. 



BRUJA, Buff, in Ornithology. See Lanius Mada- 



GASCARIKNSIS, Gmtl. 



BRUIN, John de, in Biography, profeffor of natural 

 philofophy and mathematics at Utrecht, was born at 

 Gorcum in 1620 ; and having purfueda courle of philofophy 

 at Leyden, and prolecuted his ftudies at Bois-le-Duc, and 

 Utrecht, he removed to I^eyden, where he taught mathe- 

 matics. He afterwards became profeffor at Lhrecht, anil 

 befides his official duties, made dilfeftions in private and 

 read lefturesoii Grotius's treatife, " De Jure Belli et Pacis." 

 He was diiliiiguilhcd by his attachment to experimental 



6 



philofophy and by his obfervations in artronomy. As an 

 author, he publilhed differtations, " De Vi Altrice," " De 

 Corpnrum Gravitate et Levitate," " De Cognilione Dei 

 naturali," " De Lucis Caufa et Ongine." &c. He alio 

 maintained the Cartefian hypothclis in a difputc with Ifaac 

 Vollius, and wrote an apology firll againll a divine named 

 Vogelfaiig. In 1655, he married the filler of the wife of 

 Daniel Elzevir, the famous bookftUcr of Aiullerdam, and 

 died in 1675. 



Bruin, John ni:, born at AmIUrdam in 16S1, was early 

 initiated into the knowledge of furgery ; but in tjoo, de- 

 termining to confine himfelf to the pratlice of midwifei-)-, 

 he entered as a pupil to Roger Roonliuyfeu, to learn of hiiu 

 the art of delivery in cafes of difficulty, by means of an 

 inllrumeut he had invented, and which obtained the name 

 of Roonhnyfen's lever. Aided with this inftrument, he 

 was cnabL'd to relieve and bring down the head of a foctu-i, 

 that was firmly fixed in the pelvis, without injury to the 

 mother, or the child. As this iiillrument, and the manner 

 of nfing it, were kept fecret by Roonhuyfen, De Bruin 

 paid a llipnlated price lor obtaining the knowledge of it ; 

 and became fo (Ivilful in ullrg it, that he was confultcd in 

 all cafes of diflicuhy. On his death, which happened 

 January 23d, 1753, the fecret vias purchafed by De Vif- 

 ehcr, and Van de Pool, phyficians at Amllerdam, and 

 through them coinmunicalcd to the world. Eloy Ditl. 

 Hilt. 



BRUISE, \n Surgery. See Contusion . 



BRUISER, in Mahawcs, the name of a concave too! 

 ufed lor grinding and polillling the fpccula of telefcopes. 

 It is made of brafs, about a quarter of an inch thick, and 

 hammered as near to the gage as poffible. It is tinned on 

 the convex fide, and made equally broad at bottom and top. 

 This ftrves to reduce the figure of the hones, when it ij 

 too convex, and to rub down any gritty matter that hap- 

 pens to be mixed with the putty, before the fpeculum is 

 applied to the polillier. See Phil. Tranf. vol. Ixvii. parti. 

 art. ii'). and Smith's Optics, book iii. chap. 2. 



BRUISING, in Pharmacy, fignifies the operation of 

 breaking or pounding a thing coarfely, or by halves ; fre- 

 quently pradlifed on roots, woods, and other hard bodies, to 

 make them yield their juice or virtue more freely than they 

 would do whole. 



BRUIT, Fr., Noise. The editors of the New French 

 Encyclopedic, as well as Roufleau, have honoured this 

 Iworn foe to nnific, and perfecutor oi refined cars, with a 

 long article. Roufleau defines noife in general to be every 

 motion of the air which llrikes the tympanum, and is per- 

 ceptible by the auricular organ ; but, in nnific, noife is op. 

 poled to found, and extends to every lenfation of the ear 

 whicli is not fmiorous and appreciable. To explain the dif- 

 ference mufically, we may luppofe that every muiical found 

 is accompanied by its harmonies, and tliat noife having no 

 luch coincident vibrations, has no determined tone or type 

 in the harmonical fyftem. Noife may, perliapf, be of the 

 fame nature as found, but being produced by violence, and 

 the aggregate of a confufed multitude of different founds 

 heard at once, they mutnally countera6\ the undulations of 

 each other. All elallic bodies fcem fonorous in proportion 

 as their matter is homogeneous, as the degree of cohefion is 

 more equal throughout, and its body not divided into nu- 

 merous imall matles, which being of difierent folidity, con- 

 fequently give birth to waning fiiunds. Why Ihould not 

 noife produce found, fincc it can excite it ? For every vio- 

 lent noife makes the firings of a harpfichord found, nor, in- 

 deed, any fingle (irings as a mufical tone does, but the 

 whole iiillrumt.nl at ouce ; becaufe no one finds its unifon or 



harmo» 



