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corrf<£\ior. ; the orphan-lioufc, wlikh fiiice tlic year 1753, 

 has had annexed to it a Latin fchoo!, with a printiiig-houic 

 and book-fliop ; two gymnafiums, with an anatomy and 

 fuigei-y fchool, founded by dul;t Charles, and opened in 

 1751 ; a college for the ftiidy of phyfic, inftituted in 175; ; 

 a large lazaretto ; and a hofpital. With rtfpeft to the aca- 

 demy at Brunfwick, Dr. Moore informs us, (View of So- 

 ciety and Manners in France, 5;c. vol. ii. p. 70.) that it has 

 been new modelled, and the plan of education improved, by 

 tlic attention, and under the piitronage of the hereditary 

 prince. Stvidcnts now rcfort to it from many parts of Ger- 

 many, and fome even from Great Britain. Such of them 

 as are intended for a mihtary life, will find advantages in 

 tliis academy, fiiperior to thofe that may be had at any 

 other place on the continent. They will here be under the 

 protection of a family parti 1 to the Britifh nation ; every 

 branch of fcience is taught by mailers of known abilities ; 

 the young ftudents will fee garrifon duty regularly perform- 

 ed, and may, by the interelt of the prince, obtain liberty 

 to attend the reviews of the Prufiiiin troop;; at Magdeburg 

 and Berlin : and they will have few temptations to expcnce 

 in a town, where they can fee no examples of extravagance; 

 they will have few opportunities of diffipation, and none of 

 grofs debauchery. 



The reigning prince of Brunfwick is faid to adminifter 

 the finances of the Hate with wife frugality, and to di- 

 minifh the debts, in which, at his acceflion to the du- 

 chy, he found himfelf involved. As the father of his 

 people, lie employs his power to increafe their profperity 

 and happinefs. Many of their former burdens are already 

 diminifhed, and property is not heavily taxed, and the fi- 

 nances are daily advancing to a better condition. 



Brunfwick is (Irongly fortified ; and on the ramparts it has 

 a mortar-piece of brafs, 1O5 feet in length, and 9 feet 2 inches 

 in circumference, and weighing 1800 quintals, which will 

 carry a ball of 730 lbs. weight to the dillance of 33,000 

 paces, and throw a bomb of looo lbs. weight ; but it re- 

 quires ^2 lbs. of powder for a charge. Although fortifica- 

 tions have occafioned much calamity to many towns in Ger- 

 many, by attrafting the vengeance of enemies, fo that many 

 of them are now difmantlcd ; thofe of Brunfwick were of 

 fingular utility in 1761, when they preferved the town from 

 being pillaged, and afforded prince Frederick an opportu- 

 nity of gaining fignal honour. When the town was be- 

 fieged by a body of 20,000 men under prince Xavier of 

 Saxony, prince Ferdinand detached 5000 of his army under 

 his nephew Frederick, affilled by general Luckner, with 

 order to make an attempt for raifing the ficge, and faving 

 his native city. The prince dilpatched a meffenger to the 

 governor, with a letter wrapped round a bullet, and which 

 he was inftrufted to fwallow, in cafe of his being taken by 

 the enemy. However, he had the good fortune to make 

 his way into the town ; and the prince, in the middle of the 

 night fpecified in the letter to the governor, fell fuddenly 

 on the enemy's cavalry, who, unfufpicious of his approach, 

 were encamped catelefsly within a mile of the town ; and 

 having by this fudden movement difperfed the cavalry, he 

 produced an alarm among the infantry, which occafioned 

 their retreat. Early in the morning, the young prince en- 

 tered Brunfwick, amidft the acclamations of his fellow-citi- 

 zens, whom he had relieved from the horrors of a fiege. 

 On the arrival of his brother, the hereditary prince, at his 

 father's palace, he found Frederick at table, entertaining 

 the French officers, who had been taken the preceding 

 jiight. 



Brunfwick was formerly one of the Hanfe towns, and go- 

 verned as a republic: but when it became a fortified city, 

 its commerce was injured, and its population diminifhed. 



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Its number of inhabitants is noweflimated at about 22,coc;. 

 the peafants are fober and laborious, and as they arc robufi, 

 though clownifh, they make good foldiers. Tiiey have le- 

 veral manufaAures in the town ; but one of the chief em- 

 ployments of the people is fpinnlng wool and flax : and they 

 are provided witli an excellent inllilutiou fur fupplving ti.e 

 poor with thefe means of fubfillerce. Tiiis inlliuui<m fur- 

 nidies all who choofe to apply with the materials, and tliey 

 are paid for their labour on the fame terrps with thofe of the 

 manufaaurers; and yet, what arifcs from the fale of the 

 yarn and thread, is fulfieient to defray all the cxpcnces of 

 the cftablidunent. Adults perform th-'s woik at their own 

 habitations ; but 200 children work every day in the houfe, 

 and are there alfo inllruded in reading and writing. Tlie 

 firft fpinning wheels are faid to have been invented in this 

 place in 1 Jjo, by a llatuary, named Jurgen. The ftrong 

 beer of Brunfwick, called "Mum," after the name of its 

 inventor, Chriflian Mummen, is exported to various parts 

 of Europe, and even Afia. Bi unfwick has two confiderable 

 fairs every year. 



Brunfwick appears to have been in being fo early as the 

 8th century. In 775, it is faid, that the emperor Charles 

 the Great came to the Oeker, wliich runs through " 15ru- 

 nonis vicum," or Brunfwick ; and it is alio related, that in 

 the beginning of the 8th century, bilhop Swibcrt with his 

 tram ol followers went to Saxony, and coming to a large 

 tov/n called Brunfwick, preached there, and converted great 

 numbers. Hence, it has been thought not improbable, 

 that the place was founded by duke Bruno, fon-in-law to 

 duke Witikind, if not by his father duke Bruno of Enjern. 

 Bruno I. margrave of Saxony, is fai4 to have enlarged and 

 embellinied this city A. D. 055. In the time of Henry 

 the Lion, it confided of five precinfls, within its feparate 

 wall; but this duke, in I J 77, incloftd them all within one 

 wall. In 1314, the burghers of Brunfwick were difcharg- 

 ed from all kinds of villainage ; and in 1.545, 'he citizens 

 by mortgage acquired the government of the town, and ar- 

 rogated other immunities, which were the occafion of fe- 

 vere and tedious contells between them and the duke. At 

 length, in 1671, duke Rudolphus Auguftus made himfelf 

 mafter of the town after a long fiege, by means of the cannon 

 which had been lent him by the inhabitants for another pur- 

 pofe; and he erefled a citadel to fecure their fubjediou. 

 In 1757, it was taken by the French, but evacuated in the 

 following year : and an unfucctfsful attempt was made 

 againft it in 1761. Brunfwick is di.lant 7 miles N. of Wol- 

 fenbuttle; in N. lat. 52"^ 15' 43". E. long. lo" 35'. 



BRUNSWICK, Family of, in Kyhr}. This ancient 

 and illullrious houfe is dcfeended from the marquis of A/o 

 of Elle, who was proprietor of the Milanefe, the Hate of 

 Genoa, and feveral other countries in Lombardy. About 

 the year ic^o lie married Cunignnda, or Cuniza, heirefs of 

 the firft Welphs, or Guelfs, earls of Altorf, in Suabia ; 

 and their fon Welph, or Gi.elf, obtained the duchy of 

 Bavaria of Henry IV. i:1 107 1. Fiis grandfon, Henry 

 dute of Bavaria, acquired Brunfwick along with Saxony. 

 In 1195, Wiliiam, fon of Henry the Lion, and of Matilda, 

 or Maude, eldell daughter of king Henry II. of England, 

 in whom was united the Anglo-Saxon and Norman blood, 

 acquired Lunenburg ; and his fon Olho, in 1235, was the 

 firft duke of Brunfvi'ick and I^unciiburg. His fon, Al- 

 bert I. in 1252, was furnamed the Great. Magnus II. in 

 Ij;6S, was furnamed Torquatus, from a large chain which he 

 wore. His fon, Bernard, retained Lunenburg ; while Brunf- 

 wick paiTed to Henry the fecond fon, and continued in the line 

 of hisdefcendants till the year 1-34. The dukes of Lunen- 

 burg acquired fome fmall portions of adjacent territory. 

 Henry being put to the ban of the empire, in IJ21, was 



fuc- 



